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Seto dialect

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Dialect of South Estonian

Not to be confused with the Seto dialect of theFon language.

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Seto
seto kiil´
Native to	Estonia
Region	Setomaa
Ethnicity	Setos
Native speakers	25,080 (2021 census)^[1]
Language family	Uralic Finnic South Estonian Ugala Ugandi Võro-Seto Seto
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	`seto1244`
South Estonian today. Seto is marked with light red colour.
Distribution of Seto speakers according to the 2021 census.

Seto (seto kiil´;^[2]Estonian:setu keel) is a dialect ofSouth Estonian spoken by 25,080 people.^[3] It is sometimes identified as a variety underVõro, or the two are described as Võro-Seto.Setos (setokõsõq) mostly inhabit the area nearEstonia's southeastern border withRussia inSetomaa, and are primarilyEastern Orthodox, whileVõros (võrokõsõq) are traditionallyLutherans and live in historicalVõru County.

Phonology

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Vowels

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	Front		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i	y	ɯ	u
Mid	e	ø	ɤ	o
Open	æ		ɑ

Vowel length is also distinctive.

Consonants

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	Labial		Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
	plain	pal.	plain	pal.	Palatal	plain	pal.	plain	pal.
Plosive	p	pʲ	t	tʲ		k	kʲ	ʔ
Affricate			t͡s	t͡sʲ
Fricative	v	vʲ	s	sʲ				h	hʲ
Nasal	m	mʲ	n	nʲ
Approximant			l	lʲ	j
Rhotic			r	rʲ

Stop, affricate and fricative sounds can also be heard as voiced[b,bʲ,d,dʲ,ɡ,ɡʲ,d͡z,d͡zʲ] and[z,zʲ], when between vowels or within voiced consonants. They also may be written as such⟨b, b’, d, d’, g, g’, ds, ds’, z, z’⟩.
Other sounds/f,x/ appear only in loanwords.

Language sample

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Article 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights:

Seto:Kõik inemiseq sünnüseq vapost ja ütesugumaidsist uma avvo ja õiguisi poolõst. Näile om annõt mudsu ja süämetun'stus ja nä piät ütstõõsõga vele muudu läbi kjauma.
Võro:Kõik inemiseq sünnüseq vapos ja ütesugumaidsis uma avvo ja õiguisi poolõst. Näile om annõt mudsu ja süämetunnistus ja nä piät ütstõõsõga vele muudu läbi käümä.
Estonian:Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena ja võrdsetena oma väärikuselt ja õigustelt. Neile on antud mõistus ja südametunnistus ja nende suhtumist üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.
Finnish:Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.
English:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

References

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^"RL21446: POPULATION WITH ESTONIAN AS THEIR MOTHER TONGUE BY ABILITY TO SPEAK A DIALECT, AGE GROUP, SEX, AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT), 31 DECEMBER 2021".PxWeb. Retrieved2024-07-17.
^"Google Scholar".scholar.google.com. Retrieved2024-07-17.
^"RL21446: POPULATION WITH ESTONIAN AS THEIR MOTHER TONGUE BY ABILITY TO SPEAK A DIALECT, AGE GROUP, SEX, AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT), 31 DECEMBER 2021".PxWeb. Retrieved2024-07-17.

Alekseev, F. (2016)."Opyt polevogo issledovanija jazyka seto"Опыт полевого исследования языка сето [Field research experience in the Seto language].Finno-ugorskij Mir (in Russian).3:14–17.
Eichenbaum, Külli; Pajusalu, Karl (2001)."Setode ja võrokeste keelehoiakutest ja identiteedist".Keel ja Kirjandus.7:483–489.
Eller, Kalle (1999).Võro-Seto Language. Võro Institute.ISBN 9985914953.
Pajusalu, Karl (2022).Seto South Estonian. In Marianne Bakró-Nagy and Johanna Laakso and Elena Skribnik (eds.), The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages: Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 367–379.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

v t e Languages of Estonia
Official language	Estonian
Regional languages	South Estonian Seto Tartu Võro
Minority languages	German Russian Swedish
Sign languages	Estonian Sign Language Russian Sign Language
Extinct languages	Laiuse Romani

Uralic languages

List of Uralic languages

Finnic

Sámi

Eastern Sámi	Akkala Inari Kainuu Kemi Kildin Skolt Ter
Western Sámi	Lule Northern Pite Southern Ume
Unclassified	Bjarmian Sámi

Mordvinic

Erzya
- Shoksha dialect^[de;ru]
Moksha

Mari

Permic

Ugric

Eastern Ugric	Khanty Northern Khanty Southern Khanty Eastern Khanty Mansi Northern Mansi Western Mansi Eastern Mansi Southern Mansi
Western Ugric	Hungarian