 The Set animal | ||||||||||||||
| Creature information | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other name(s) | Typhonian animal, Typhonic beast, Sha | |||||||||||||
| Grouping | Totemic animals | |||||||||||||
| Origin | ||||||||||||||
| Country | Ancient Egypt | |||||||||||||
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Inancient Egyptian art, theSet animal, orsha,[citation needed] is the affiliated animal of the godSet. Because Set was identified with the Greek monsterTyphon, the animal is also commonly known as theTyphonian animal orTyphonic beast.
Unlike other totemic animals, the Set animal is not easily identifiable in the modern animal world. There is a general agreement among Egyptologists that it was never a real creature and existed only in ancient Egyptian religion. In recent years[as of?], there have been many attempts by zoologists[who?] to find the Set animal in nature. Whether or not the animal existed is currently unknown, yet it had much significance for the Egyptians. The Set animal is one of the most frequently demonstrated animaldeterminatives.[2]
Some Egyptian texts suggest that Set took the form of a dangerous animal, such as abull orcrocodile.[2]
The Set animal (Gardiner E20, E21,[1](E20, E21)) is one of the portrayals of the god Set. The other common hieroglyph used to represent Set is a seated god with the head of the Set animal.[1](C7)
The linguistic use of these hieroglyphs in theEgyptian language is as thedeterminative for words portraying "items with chaos", example words related to "suffering, violence, perturbation", and also for "violent storms" of the atmosphere, a "tempest".[3]
According to EgyptologistRichard H. Wilkinson, the first known use of the Set animal was upon theScorpion Macehead ofScorpion II ofNaqada III. It was soon thereafter portrayed mounted upon theserekhs ofSeth-Peribsen andKhasekhemwy.[4](pp 66-67, E20, E21)
Media related toSeth-animal (hieroglyph) at Wikimedia Commons.The sha is usually depicted as a slender canid, resembling agreyhound,fennec fox, or ajackal, with three distinguishing features: a stiff tail, often forked at the end, which stands straight up or at an angle, whether the animal is sitting, standing, or walking; its ears, also held erect, are usually depicted as squarish or triangular, narrowest at the base and widest at the squarish tops; and a long nose, often with a slight downward curve. It is normally depicted as black, but may also have been reddish.[5][page needed][6][page needed]
The Set animal is usually depicted at rest, either lying down or seated. The shape of the head often resembles a giraffe, causing confusion between the two signs. The general body shape is that of a canine.[2]
Drawings of the sha appear inEgyptian artwork from Naqada III until at least the period of theNew Kingdom, a period of some two thousand years. Although sometimes described as a fantastic or composite animal, it was depicted in a realistic manner more typical of actual creatures. The sha is found on the ceremonialScorpion Macehead dating to Naqada III; on theserekhs of theSecond Dynasty kingsSeth-Peribsen andKhasekhemwy; inTwelfth Dynasty tombs atBeni Hasan; and, in the form of Set, in the royalcartouches of theNineteenth Dynasty pharaohsSeti I andSeti II and theTwentieth Dynasty kingSetnakhte and his descendants.[4][5][6][7]
The god Set was usually depicted as a man with a head resembling that of the sha, which is why the sha is referred to byEgyptologists as theSet animal orTyphonic beast. When Set was depicted as a human with only the head of the Set animal, he usually had a long, slightly curved nose, and erect ears, squared at the tops. Occasionally he was represented in animal form as the sha itself, with a long, down-turnedsnout, squared ears, erect forked tail and a canine-like body, although he was also depicted in the form of anonager or as a blackpig. Other animals sacred to Set included theantelope,hippopotamus,wild boar,crocodile, andscorpion, all of which represented strength, power, protection, or wildness. The sha was also used as adeterminative in the names of Set and the goddessNut, who may be identified withNephthys, the wife of Set.[6][5]
Was-sceptres represent the Set animal orKhnum. Was-sceptres were carried by gods, pharaohs and priests as a symbol of power and, in later use, control over the force of chaos (Set). The head and forked tail of the Set animal are clearly present.Was scepters are often depicted in paintings, drawings and carvings of gods and remnants of real was-sceptres have been found constructed ofEgyptian faience or wood.
Both the Second Dynasty pharaohs Peribsen and Khasekhemwy, whose serekhs depict the sha, identified themselves as divine manifestations of Set on Earth, as previous kings had identified themselves withHorus. During theOld Kingdom of Egypt, Horus and Set were generally viewed as twin supporters and defenders of the godRa, head of the Egyptian pantheon, and they were often depicted anointing the king, as the divine source of his authority. The association of Horus and Set probably reflected the reconciliation of a struggle between two royal cults. Following the unification of Egypt,Narmer and the kings of theFirst Dynasty embraced the worship of Horus, by adopting theHorus name as part of their official nomenclature. This name identified the king as the god's representative on Earth. Seth-Peribsen, however, chose a Set name in place of a Horus name, while Khasekhemwy's royal title invoked both of the great gods, presumably in an attempt to reconcile the followers of each cult.[6]
Although Set was originally viewed as the son and defender of Ra and the Egyptian kings, his reputation among the people declined along with the rise of the cult ofOsiris. Originally a vegetation-god, Osiris became one of the pre‑eminent gods of the Egyptian pantheon. Worship in the Osiris cult stressed the role of Set as violence personified: the murderer of his brother and usurper of his throne who, instead of standing alongside Horus, became his eternal enemy. This view of Set was encouraged during theSecond Intermediate Period, when Egypt was invaded by theHyksos fromWestern Asia. Their godSutekh became identified with Set;[6] a contrary view holds thatSutekh is an Egyptian name only, and an epithet of Set, and was not the name the Hyksos used for their god.[citation needed]
Set continued to be revered during theNew Kingdom. Several kings of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties had royal names indicating their devotion to Set, and these names were written with a hieroglyphic representation of the god[1](C7) as a determinative. Here, Set is depicted as a seated deity with a Set animal's head.
During theThird Intermediate Period, however, Set was deeply unpopular: his worship was abandoned, and many depictions of him were destroyed or defaced. References to and depictions of the Set animal must have suffered a similar fate.[6][7]
Hieroglyphs and artwork of Set evolved over millennia until becoming standardized, making identification a difficult process; there is debate as to which hieroglyphs actually depict Set and the associated animal.
Thesha has no independent mythology associated with it that could aid with identification in either reality or fantasy, outside of its association with Set.[5] Although the Set animal is called the "Typhonic Beast", it is so-named because the Greeks equated Set or Sutekh with their own chaos-monsterTyphon.[6] Some Egyptologists speculate that it is a purely fantastic or composite animal, which never existed in nature – the opinion ofE.A.W. Budge,[5] among others.[citation needed]
Depictions of the Set animal as an animal appear distinctly canine, but the precise identity of the animal has never been firmly established. It is sometimes described as ajackal or some other wild dog, although the jackal is usually identified with the god Anubis. In connection with Anubis, the jackal is never depicted with the distinguishing features of the Set animal: the stiff, typically forked tail; the squared ears; and the long, slightly curved nose. It is conceivable that these features were added to representations of the jackal as a contrivance to distinguish Set fromAnubis. Early representations of the Set animal frequently omit the fork at the end of the tail, or show it resembling a more naturalistic tuft instead, so the idea of the forked tail may have been symbolic rather than intended to show a trait of an actual animal.[6]
Egyptologist Ken Moss[8] suggested the Set animal is in fact theSaluki, an ancient breed ofsighthound. It is one of the oldest breeds of domesticated dog, has a curved snout, and nearly identical body to the hieroglyph, and is native to the region; when the Saluki runs, its ears and tail become vertical. Further it was historic practice and remains common throughout theLevant tocrop ears of hunting dogs. The Saluki is also depicted in hieroglyphs with no ostensible connection toSet, suggesting it was well known to ancient Egyptian people.[8]
In addition to thejackal or theSaluki, mentioned above, some scholars have historically suggested the Set animal may be a stylized representation of some other animal, such as anoryx (a type of large white desertantelope),donkey,fennec fox,jerboa,camel,okapi,elephant shrew,aardvark,giraffe,pig,elephant-snout fish or that it might represent a species that was rare and has since becomeextinct.[9][10] Some of the suggested animals would be known to ancient Egyptians, but rarely or never seen.
Since Set was typically depicted as adonkey or as a man with the head of a donkey from theLate Period onwards,[11] it is possible the donkey was the inspiration for the Set animal.
Media related toSeth-animal (hieroglyph) at Wikimedia Commons
