Sergio Osmeña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 4thPresident of the Philippines | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Manuel L. Quezon Jose P. Laurel (de facto) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Manuel Roxas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1stVice President of the Philippines | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Manuel L. Quezon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Position established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Elpidio Quirino | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2ndSecretary of Public Instruction, Health, and Public Welfare in concurrent capacity as Vice President of the Philippines | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office December 24, 1941 – August 1, 1944 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Manuel L. Quezon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Juan Nolasco[b] Jorge Bocobo[c] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Mariano Eraña[d] Basilio Valdes[e] Carlos P. Romulo[f] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 14thSecretary of Public Instruction in concurrent capacity as Vice President of the Philippines | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office November 15, 1935 – December 1, 1938 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Manuel L. Quezon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Joseph R. Hayden | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Manuel L. Quezon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | (1878-09-09)September 9, 1878 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | October 19, 1961(1961-10-19) (aged 83) Quezon City, Philippines | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Resting place | Manila North Cemetery,Santa Cruz,Manila, Philippines | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Party | Nacionalista (1907–1961) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 13, includingSergio Jr. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | Colegio de San Juan de Letran (AB) University of Santo Tomas (LL.B) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Profession | Lawyer,soldier | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signature |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Military service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allegiance |  First Philippine Republic Philippine Commonwealth | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Branch/service | Philippine Revolutionary Army Philippine Commonwealth Army | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years of service |
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| Rank | Commander-in-Chief | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 吳文釗 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 吴文钊 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sergio Osmeña Sr.CCLH (Spanish:[ˈseɾxjoosˈmeɲa],Tagalog:[ˈsɛɾhjoʔosˈmɛɲa];Chinese:吳文釗;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Gô͘ Bûn-chiau; September 9, 1878 – October 19, 1961) was aFilipino lawyer and politician who served as thefourthpresident of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946 and as the firstvice president of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. He served the shortest term as president of the Philippines, lasting for only 1 year and 300 days. He wasvice president underManuel L. Quezon. Upon Quezon's sudden death in 1944, Osmeña succeeded him at age 65, becoming the first vice president to succeed to the Philippine presidency and the oldest person to assume it untilRodrigo Duterte took office in 2016 at age 71. He was the founder of theNacionalista Party.
Osmeña was also the firstVisayan to become president, and regarded as the "Grand Old Man" of Cebu.[4]
Prior to his accession in 1944, Osmeña served asgovernor of Cebu from 1906 to 1907, member and firstspeaker of the Philippine House of Representatives from 1907 to 1922, and senator from the10th senatorial district for thirteen years, in which capacity he served asSenate president pro tempore. In 1935, he was nominated to be the running-mate of Senate PresidentManuel L. Quezon for thepresidential election that year. The duo were overwhelmingly re-elected in1941.
He was the patriarch of the prominent Osmeña family, which includes his son, former senatorSergio Osmeña Jr., and his grandsons, former senatorsSergio Osmeña III andJohn Henry Osmeña, former governorLito Osmeña, and formerCebu City mayor and current Cebu City vice mayorTomas Osmeña.
Osmeña was born on September 9, 1878, in the then-municipality ofCebu inCebu. His biological father was Don Antonio Sanson, a socially prominent and wealthyChinesemestizo businessman andhaciendero known for his vast landholdings throughout Cebu. Sanson came from one of Cebu's oldest and most illustrious families.[5][6] His mother, Juana Osmeña y Suico (1858/1859 – 1941), was reportedly 20 years old at the time.[7] However, since Sanson was already married to another woman, Osmeña was consideredillegitimate. As a result, he took on his mother's surname.[8][9]
Osmeña was secretive of his parentage. He would frequent Sanson's farm inBorbon, suggesting he was aware of the identity of his real father.[10]
The Osmeña family, a rich and prominent clan ofChinese Filipino heritage with vast business interests in Cebu, warmed to him as he established himself as a prominent figure in local society.[11]
Osmeña received his elementary education at theColegio de San Carlos and graduated in 1892. Osmeña continued his education inManila, studying inSan Juan de Letran College where he first metManuel L. Quezon, a classmate of his, as well asVicente Madrigal,[12]Juan Sumulong, andEmilio Jacinto. He took up law at theUniversity of Santo Tomás and placed second in the 1903bar examinations. He served on the war staff of GeneralEmilio Aguinaldo as a courier and journalist. In 1900, he founded the Cebu newspaperEl Nuevo Día (English: 'The New Day'), which operated for three years.
WhenCebu GovernorJuan Clímaco was sent as a member of the Board of Commissioners of the St. Louis Purchase Expedition, Osmeña was appointed acting governor. When Climaco returned, he was appointed as provincial fiscal. His stint there elevated him in politics when he was elected governor of Cebu in 1906.
While governor, he successfully ran for a seat in the firstPhilippine Assembly inaugurated in 1907 and was elected as its firstspeaker. Osmeña was 29 years old and already the highest-ranking Filipino official. He and another provincial politician,Manuel L. Quezon ofTayabas, set up theNacionalista Party as a foil to thePartido Federalista of Manila-based politicians. During his speakership, members of the assembly sought to initiate policies that constantly clashed with the opinions of American superiors in thePhilippine Commission that ultimately did not pass. Three important bills from the assembly were rejected by the Philippine Commission.
The Americans' authority did not stop the assembly under him from initiating transformative legislation that would come to pass. These included the creation of a Council of State and a Board of Control that enabled the Philippine legislature to share some of the executive powers of the Americangovernor-general.
During his time as a leader of the Nacionalista Party, Osmeña experienced criticism from fellow Nacionalistas. One notable example was from the newspaperThe Independent, launched byVicente Sotto in 1915, which claimed that he sided with Spain during the Philippine Revolution.[3] His unpopularity as Nacionalista party leader reached its climax during apolitical crisis in 1922 leading to his sudden resignation.[3] He also withdrew from the speakership and surrendered his political power to a steering committee of the House of Representatives since December 1921.[2] He officially served as house speaker until 1922.[1]
Osmeña was friends and classmates withManuel L. Quezon, who was themajority floor leader of the Philippine Assembly under Osmeña's speakership. When the Jones Law was passed, Quezon was elected asSenate president and Osmeña remained speaker.
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In 1922, Osmeña was elected to theSenate representing the10th senatorial district. During his time as president pro tempore of the senate, he became actingsenate president briefly in 1930 after Senate President Quezon became ill.[13]: 44
He went to the United States as part of theOsRox Mission in 1933, to secure passage of theHare–Hawes–Cutting Independence Bill, which was superseded by theTydings–McDuffie Act in March 1934.
Despite being a political ally of Quezon, he had been incontroversy with him in 1922, over party principles, and in 1933 concerning the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Bill.[14]: 642
Osmeña supported the controversial Hare–Hawes–Cutting Bill as it provided independence for the Philippines. Quezon, meanwhile, wanted to reject the bill due to certain provisions like the maintenance of U.S. military bases. After their return from the United States in August 1933, Osmeña, along withManuel Roxas, campaigned for the ratification of it in the Philippine Legislature. Quezon, on the other hand, campaigned for its rejection.[15][16]
Due to the HHC Controversy, Osmeña's faction was defeated during the1934 national elections.[14]: 642
Osmena was inaugurated vice-president, along with Quezon as president, on November 15, 1935. Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections, Quezon was re-elected over former SenatorJuan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote. Re-elected in 1941, Osmeña remained vice president during the Japanese occupation when the government was in exile. As vice-president, Osmeña concurrently served assecretary of public instruction from 1935 to 1940, and again from 1941 to 1944.
The outbreak of World War II and the Japanese invasion resulted in periodic and drastic changes to the government structure. Executive Order 390, December 22, 1941, abolished the Department of the Interior and established a new line of succession. Executive Order 396, December 24, 1941, further reorganized and grouped the cabinet, with the functions of secretary of justice assigned to the chief justice of the Supreme Court.
By 1943, the Philippine government-in-exile was faced with a serious crisis.[17] According to the amendments to the 1935 Constitution, Quezon's term as president was to expire on December 30, 1943, and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would automatically succeed him to serve out the remainder of term until 1945. This eventuality was brought to Quezon's attention by Osmeña himself, who wrote the former to this effect. Aside from replying to this letter informing Osmeña that it would not be wise and prudent to effect any such change under the circumstances, Quezon issued a press release along the same line. Osmeña then requested the opinion ofU.S. attorney generalHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as more in keeping the law. Quezon, however, remained adamant. He accordingly sought U.S. presidentFranklin D. Roosevelt's decision. The latter chose to remain aloof from the controversy, suggesting instead that the Philippine officials themselves solve the impasse. A cabinet meeting was then convened by Quezon. Aside from Quezon and Osmeña, others present in this momentous meeting were Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, Brig. Gen.Carlos P. Romulo, and Cabinet Secretaries Andres Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. Following a spirited discussion, the Cabinet adopted Elizalde's opinion favoring the decision and Quezon announced his plan to retire in California.
After the meeting, however, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his plan to ask theU.S. Congress to suspend the constitutional provisions for presidential succession until after the Philippines should have been liberated. This legal way out was agreeable to Quezon and the members of his Cabinet. Proper steps were taken to carry out the proposal. Sponsored by Senator Tydings and Congressman Bell, the pertinent Joint Resolution No. 95 was unanimously approved by theSenate on avoice vote and passed theHouse of Representatives by a vote of 181 to 107 on November 12, 1943.
| Presidential styles of Sergio Osmeña | |
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| Reference style | His Excellency |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Alternative style | Mr. President |
Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He was sworn in byAssociate Justice Robert H. Jackson inWashington, D.C. on August 1. Osmeña delivered his inaugural speech on August 10.[18]
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Osmeña accompanied U.S. General Douglas MacArthur during the landing of U.S. forces in Leyte on October 20, 1944, startingthe liberation of the Philippines during the Second World War. Upon establishing the beachhead, MacArthur immediately transferred authority to Osmeña, the successor of Manuel Quezon, as Philippine Commonwealth president.
WithManila liberated,[17]General of the Army,Douglas MacArthur, on behalf of the United States, turned over the reins of government of the Philippines to Commonwealth president Sergio Osmeña, on February 27, 1945, amidst brief, but impressive, ceremonies held at theMalacañang Palace. Osmeña, after thanking the United States through General MacArthur, announced the restoration of the Government of theCommonwealth of the Philippines and worked out the salvation of the Philippines from the ravages of war.[17]
Osmeña proceeded with the immediate reorganization of the government and its diverse dependencies. On April 8, 1945, he formed his Cabinet, administering the oath of office to its component members. Later, Osmeña received the Council of State to help him solve the major problems confronting the nation. Government offices and bureaus were gradually reestablished. A number of new ones were created to meet needs then current. Also restored were theSupreme Court of the Philippines and the lower courts. TheCourt of Appeals was abolished, and its appellate jurisdiction was transferred to the Supreme Court, the members of which were increased to eleven – onechief justice and tenassociate justices – in order to attend to the new responsibilities. Slowly but steadily, as the liberating forces freed the other portions of the country, provincial and municipal governments were established by the Commonwealth to take over from the military authorities.[17]
Following the restoration of the Commonwealth government, Congress was reorganized.Manuel Roxas andElpidio Quirino were elected asSenate president andSenate president pro tempore, respectively. In the House of Representatives,Jose Zulueta ofIloilo was elected asspeaker andProspero Sanidad as Speaker pro tempore. The opening session of the Congress was personally addressed by Osmeña, who reported on the Commonwealth government-in-exile and proposed vital pieces of legislation.[17]
The first Commonwealth Congress earnestly took up the various pending assignments to solve the pressing matters affecting thePhilippines, especially in regard to relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The first bill enacted was Commonwealth Act No. 672 – rehabilitating the Philippine National Bank.[17]
Yielding to American pressure, on September 25, 1945, the Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 682 creating the People's Court and the Office of Special Prosecutors to deal with the pending cases of "collaboration".[17]
Osmeña sent the Philippine delegation, which was headed byCarlos P. Romulo, to the San Francisco gathering for the promulgation of theCharter of the United Nations on June 26, 1945. Other members of the delegation were Maximo Kalaw,Carlos P. Garcia, Pedro Lopez, Francisco Delegado, Urbano Zafra, Alejandro Melchor, and Vicente Sinco. The 28th signatory nation of the United Nations, the Philippines was one of the fifty-one nations that drafted the UN Charter. Once approved by Philippine delegation, the UN Charter was ratified by the Congress of the Philippines and deposited with the U.S. State Department on October 11, 1945.[17]
To prepare for the forthcoming independent status of the Philippines, Osmeña created the Office of Foreign Relations.[17] Vicente Sinco was appointed as its first commissioner, with cabinet rank. In this connection, Osmeña also entered into an agreement with theUnited States government to send five Filipino trainees to the U.S. State Department to prepare themselves for diplomatic service. They were sent by U.S. State Department to the United States embassies in Moscow andMexico City and consulates inSaigon andSingapore.[17]
On December 5, 1945, Osmeña appointed Resident CommissionerCarlos P. Romulo as his representative to accept Philippine membership in theInternational Monetary Fund and in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which bodies had been conceived in the Bretton Woods Agreement, in which the Philippine had also taken part. Romulo signed said membership on December 27, 1945, on behalf of the Philippines.[17]
On April 30, 1946, theUnited States Congress, at last, approved theBell Act, which as early as January 20 had been reported to the Ways and Means Committee of the lower house, having been already passed by the Senate. Osmeña and Resident Commissioner Romulo had urged the passage of this bill, with United States High Commissioner,Paul V. McNutt, exerting similar pressure.
The Act gave the Philippines eight years of free trade with the United States, then twenty years during whichtariffs would be upped gradually until they were in line with the rest of the American tariff policy. The law also fixed some quotas for certain products: sugar – 850,000 long tons (860,000 t);cordage – 6,000,000 pounds (2,700,000 kg);coconut oil – 200,000 long tons (200,000 t); cigars – 200,000,000 pounds (91,000,000 kg). This aid was coupled with that to be obtained from the recently passed Tydings Damage bill, which provided some nine hundred million dollars for payment of war damages, of which one million was earmarked to compensate for church losses. The sum of two hundred and forty million dollars was to be periodically allocated by the United States president as good will. Also, sixty million pieces of surplus property were transferred to the Philippines government.[17]
Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government in 1945, SenatorsManuel Roxas,Elpidio Quirino and their allies called for an early national election to choose the president and vice president of the Philippines and members of the Congress. In December 1945, the House Insular Affairs of theUnited States Congress approved the joint resolution setting the date of the election on no later than April 30, 1946.
Prompted by this congressional action, Osmeña called thePhilippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the date of the election on April 23, 1946. The act was signed by Osmeña on January 5, 1946.
Three parties presented their respective candidates for the different national elective positions. These were theNacionalista Party – Conservative (Osmeña) wing, theLiberal wing of the Nacionalista Party and the Partido Modernista. The Nacionalistas had Osmeña and SenatorEulogio Rodriguez as their candidates for president and vice president, respectively. The Modernistas choseHilario Moncado and Luis Salvador for the same positions. The standard bearers of the Liberals were Senators Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino. On January 3, 1946, Osmeña announced his re-election bid. On January 22, 1946, Eulogio Rodriguez was nominated as Osmeña's running mate for vice president, in a convention held at Ciro's Club in Manila. According to theManila Chronicle:
The convention opened at 10:15 a.m. when the acting secretary of the party, Vicente Farmoso, called the confab to order. CongressmanJosé C. Romero [sic], who delivered the keynote speech accused Senate President Manuel Roxas and his followers "of fanning the flames of discontent among the people, of capitalizing on the people's hardship, and of minimizing the accomplishment of the [Osmeña] Administration. These men with the Messiah complex have been the bane of the country and of the world. This is the mentality that produces Hitlers and the Mussolinis, and their desire to climb to power. they even want to destroy the party which placed them where they are today."
SenatorCarlos P. Garcia, who delivered the nomination speech for President Sergio Osmeña, made a long recital of Osmeña's achievements, his virtues as public official and as private citizen.
Entering the convention hall at about 7:30 p.m., President Osmeña, accompanied by the committee on notification, was greeted with rounds of cheer and applause as he ascended the platform. President Osmeña delivered his speech which was a general outline of his future plans once elected. He emphasized that as far as his party is concerned, independence is a close issue. It is definitely coming on 4 July 1946.[19]
On January 19, 1946, Senator Roxas announced his candidacy for president in a convention held in Santa Ana Cabaret inMakati,Rizal. According to theManila Chronicle:
...more than three thousand (by conservative estimate there were only 1,000 plus) delegates, party members and hero worshipers jammed into suburban, well known Santa Ana Cabaret (biggest in the world) to acclaim ex-katipunero and Bagong Katipunan organizer Manuel Acuña Roxas as the guidon bearer of the Nacionalista Party's Liberal Wing. The delegates, who came from all over the Islands, met in formal convention from 10:50 am and did not break up till about 5:30 pm.
They elected 1.Mariano J. Cuenco, professional Osmeñaphobe, as temporary chairman; 2.José Avelino and ex-pharmacist Antonio Zacarias permanent chairman and secretary, respectively; 3. nominated forty-four candidates for senators; 4. heard the generalissimo himself deliver an oratorical masterpiece consisting of 50 per cent attacks against the (Osmeña) Administration, 50 per cent promises, pledges. Rabid Roxasites greeted the Roxas acceptance speech with hysterical applause.[20]
Osmeña tried to prevent the split in the Nacionalista Party by offering Senator Roxas the position of Philippine Regent Commissioner to the United States but Roxas turned down the offer. A new political organization was born, the Liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party, which would later become theLiberal Party.
A total of 2,218,847 voters went to the polls to elect a president and vice president. who were to be the Commonwealth's last and the Republic's first. Four days after election day, the Liberal Party candidates were proclaimed victors. Roxas registered an overwhelming majority of votes in 34 provinces and nine cities:Abra,Agusan,Albay,Antique,Bataan,Batanes,Batangas,Bukidnon,Bulacan,Cagayan,Camarines Norte,Camarines Sur,Capiz,Cavite,Cotabato,Ilocos Norte,Ilocos Sur,Isabela,Laguna,La Union,Leyte,Marinduque,Mindoro,Misamis Oriental,Negros Occidental,Nueva Vizcaya,Palawan,Pangasinan,Rizal,Romblon,Samar,Sorsogon,Sulu,Surigao,Tayabas,Zambales,Manila,Quezon City,Bacolod (Negros Occidental),Iloilo City (Iloilo),Baguio (Mountain Province),Zamboanga City (Zamboanga),Tagaytay (Cavite),Cavite City (Cavite) andSan Pablo (Laguna).
After his electoral defeat, Osmeña retired to his home inCebu City. He died ofpulmonary edema at age 83 on October 19, 1961, at theVeterans Memorial Medical Center inQuezon City. PresidentCarlos P. Garcia declared October 20 to November 3 as "period of national mourning," wherein all flags in the country are flown athalf-mast as a sign of mourning.[21]
Osmeña was accorded astate funeral. On October 20, 1961, his remains werelaid in state atMalate Church inManila before being transferred to Malacañang. On October 22, these were transported toCebu City to lie in state at theCebu Metropolitan Cathedral and, on the next day, at theCebu Provincial Capitol. These were then returned to Manila to lie in state at Malacañang once again from October 24 to 25, followed by a necrological service for Osmeña at theLegislative Building until October 26. His remains were buried atManila North Cemetery at noon of October 26.[22][23][24][25][26]
For almost a century, the father of Sergio Osmeña had not been certain. Historical records has suggested that either Chinese immigrant and businessman Pedro Lee Gotiaoco or another businessman Antonio Sanson could have been the former president's father. In 2023, Osmeña's descendants Maria Lourdes Bernardo and Annabelle Osmeña-Aboitiz launched a paternity project to determine the father of their ancestor.Y-DNA testing was conducted and in June 2023, Sanson was determined to be Sergio Osmeña's biological father.[27]
In a 2023 article, the genealogist and genetic genealogy specialist who was engaged by Osmeña's descendants, Todd Lucero Sales, recounted how, after exhaustive archival research failed to produce definitive evidence, his team found a 100% match across 23 Y‑DNA markers between Osmeña and the Sanson lineage, while excluding Gotiaoco. He claimed that these results provided a 99.982% probability of a patrilineal connection, thus conclusively identifying Antonio Sanson as Osmeña’s father.[28]
Several of Osmeña's descendants became prominent political, business and society figures in their own right:
Audie Gemora portrayed Osmeña in the 2018 film,Quezon's Game.Romnick Sarmenta portrayed Osmeña in the 2025 biopic,Quezon.[33]
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Earlier, on 16 December [1921], the senators and representatives held separate caucuses. The following day they held a convention. When the issue of leadership was raised, no solution was in sight. Osmeña resigned as leader in the government...
In late 1921 Senator Quezon finally launched his coup with a call for selective party leadership to replace Speaker Osmeña's dictatorial style.
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