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Senna (plant)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genus of flowering leguminous plants

Senna
Senna alexandrina
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Tracheophytes
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Rosids
Order:Fabales
Family:Fabaceae
Subfamily:Caesalpinioideae
Tribe:Cassieae
Genus:Senna
Mill.
Type species
Senna alexandrina
Species

Over 300; see§ Species

Synonyms[1]
List
    • AdiperaRaf. 1838
    • Cassia(Mill.) Benth. 1871
    • Cassia sect.Senna(Tournefort) DC. ex Colladon 1816
    • Cassia sect.Sennasensu Benth. 1865
    • Cassia subgen.SennaBenth. 1870
    • Cathartocarpus(partim)
    • Chamaefistula(DC.) G. Don
    • Chamaesenna(DC.) Raf. ex Pittier
    • DesmodiocassiaBritton & Rose
    • Diallobus
    • EarleocassiaBritton
    • EchinocassiaBritton & Rose
    • GaumerocassiaBritton
    • Herpetica(DC.) Raf.
    • Isandrina
    • LeonocassiaBritton
    • PalmerocassiaBritton
    • PeiranisiaRaf.
    • PhragmocassiaBritton & Rose
    • PseudocassiaBritton & Rose
    • PterocassiaBritton & Rose
    • SciacassiaBritton
    • Senna sensuGaertn. 1791
    • Senna sensuLink 1831
    • Senna sensuRoxb. 1832
    • SericeocassiaBritton
    • TharpiaBritton & Rose
    • VogelocassiaBritton
    • XerocassiaBritton & Rose

Senna, thesennas, is a largegenus offlowering plants in the legumefamily (Fabaceae, subfamilyCaesalpinioideae,[2] tribeCassieae[3]). Thisdiverse genus isnative throughout thetropics, with a small number ofspecies intemperate regions. The number of species is estimated to be from about 260[4] to 350.[5] Thetype species for the genus isSenna alexandrina. About 50 species ofSenna are known incultivation.[6]

Description

[edit]

Plants in the genusSenna are shrubs, sometimes small trees orperennialherbs. The leaves are arranged alternately,paripinnate with up to 25 pairs of leaflets, each leaf with astipule at the base, but that often falls off as the leaves mature. The flowers are arranged inracemes in leaf axils withbracts at the base. The flower has five egg-shaped green or yellowishsepals and five usually yellow, usuallyglabrouspetals. There are usually tenstamens that are free from each other, thefilaments of different lengths, and some arestaminodes. The fruit is a leatherypod containing several seeds.[7][8][9][10]

Taxonomy and systematics

[edit]

Chamaecrista,Cassia, andSenna form amonophyletic group which some authors have calledCassiasensu lato.[11] In 1982, the group was named Cassiinae and classified as a subtribe of thetribeCassieae.[12] The tribe Cassieae contains 21 genera and is now known to bepolyphyletic,[11] but theclassification is still accepted because a revision of Fabaceae has yet to be published.[11]

The genusSenna has had a complextaxonomic history.[13] What is now known asSenna was included byLinnaeus in his concept ofCassia inSpecies Plantarum in 1753.[14]Philip MillersegregatedSenna fromCassia in 1754 in the fourth edition ofThe Gardeners Dictionary.[15] Until 1982, many authors, following Linnaeus, did not recognizeSenna andChamaecrista, but included them in a broadlycircumscribedCassiasensu lato.Phylogenetic analyses ofDNA have shown thatChamaecrista,Cassia, andSenna are all monophyletic, but the relationships between these three genera have not been resolved.[4] They are therefore shown inphylogenetic trees as atritomy.

Recent advances in the taxonomy and evolution ofSenna worldwide have been published by Alexandre Gibau de Lima and Roseli Bortoluzzi. These studies include the description of new species from the Neotropical region, taxonomic revisions, integrative studies combining genomics, morphometrics, morphology, as well as phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses.[16][17][18][19][20][6]

Afossil seed pod of aSenna sp. from the middleEocene epoch has been described from the Rancho clay pit inHenry County, Tennessee, United States.[21]

Etymology

[edit]

The genus name derives from theArabicsanā, describing plants whose leaves and pods have cathartic andlaxative properties.[22]

Species

[edit]

As of July 2024[update],Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:[23]

Senna alexandrina
Senna artemisioides
Senna bicapsularis
Senna didymobotrya
Senna hirsuta
Senna macranthera
Senna multiglandulosa
Senna occidentalis
Senna pendula
Senna spectabilis
Senna surattensis
Senna odorata

Ecology

[edit]

Thecaterpillars of many species feed onSenna plants. The black witch (Ascalapha odorata), two-barred flasher (Astraptes fulgerator), common emigrant (Catopsilia pomona), and mottled emigrant (C. pyranthe) have all been recorded on candle bush (S. alata), for example.

Some species haveextrafloral nectaries on the leaves or flower stalks that are visited by ants.[4]

Pollination

[edit]

Senna species arepollinated by a variety ofbees, especially large female bees in genera such asXylocopa.[4] They rely on "buzz pollination" and some within that on "ricochet pollination", which is a secondary pollen presentation where the pollen is not deposited on the pollinator's body by direct contact with the anthers.[24] The flowers have two sets of stamen: feeding stamens, which are longer, and pollinating stamens, which are smaller in size.[25] Due to buzz pollination, the pollens from the pollinating stamens get thrown from the anthers and ricochets against the petals multiple times before it settles on the dorsal side of the pollinating bee. The roughness on the petal walls causes the pollen to slow down its speed. The ricocheting effect alone cannot ensure effective pollen dissemination. It is aided by static charges wherein the flying bees become positively charged owing to the friction in the air and the pollen becomes negatively charged because of which they naturally get attracted to the bee's body. The pollinator bee ends up carrying the pollen and also gets to feed on the pollen which is on the feeding stamens.[24]

Uses

[edit]

SomeSenna species are used asornamental plants inlandscaping. The genus isadapted to manyclimate types.

Cassia gum, an extract of the seeds of Chinese senna (S. obtusifolia), is used as athickening agent. The leaves and flowers of Siamese cassia (S. siamea) are used in someSoutheast Asian cuisines, such asThai,Shan/Burmese andLao cuisines. They are known askhi-lek inThai, and are used incurries.[26]

Laxative

[edit]

Senna is considered to be abowel stimulant on themyenteric plexus of thecolon to induceperistaltic contractions and decrease water absorption from inside the colon, effects that would provide relief fromconstipation.[27] The laxativesyrup of figs gets most of its effect from the presence of senna.[28]

Plants in the Senna genus have been studied for their beneficial effects arising from the abundance of phytochemicals, bioactive components and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.[3]

Senna or its extractedsennosides, alone or in combination withsorbitol orlactulose, have been evaluated insystematic reviews andCochrane reviews for treatment of constipation in children and the elderly. Some studies showed limited evidence for efficacy,[29][30][31] whereas others indicated the study designs were too weak to be certain of senna having utility as a laxative.[27][32][33]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Irwin HS, Barneby RC (1982).The American Cassiinae: A synoptical revision of Leguminosae tribe Cassieae subtribe Casiinae in the New World, Part 1(PDF). Bronx, N.Y.: New York Botanical Garden.OCLC 8553234.b1010840.
  2. ^The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG) (2017)."A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny".Taxon.66 (1):44–77.doi:10.12705/661.3.hdl:10568/90658.
  3. ^abAlshehri, Mohammed M.; Quispe, Cristina; Herrera-Bravo, Jesús; Sharifi-Rad, Javad; Tutuncu, Sena; Aydar, Elif Feyza; Topkaya, Cansu; Mertdinc, Zehra; Ozcelik, Beraat; Aital, Mahima; Kumar, N. V. Anil; Lapava, Natallia; Rajkovic, Jovana; Ertani, Andrea; Nicola, Silvana (2022-02-04)."A Review of Recent Studies on the Antioxidant and Anti-Infectious Properties of Senna Plants".Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.2022 e6025900.doi:10.1155/2022/6025900.ISSN 1942-0900.PMC 8837466.PMID 35154569.
  4. ^abcdMarazzi, B.; et al. (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships withinSenna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast DNA regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries".American Journal of Botany.93 (2):288–303.doi:10.3732/ajb.93.2.288.PMID 21646190.S2CID 24791422.
  5. ^Randell, B. R. and B. A. Barlow. 1998.Senna. pp 89-138. In: A. S. George (executive editor).Flora of Australia volume 12. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia.
  6. ^abHuxley, A., et al. (1992).The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York.ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
  7. ^"Senna". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved3 June 2023.
  8. ^Jeanes, Jeff A.; Stajsic, Val."Senna". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved3 June 2023.
  9. ^Wiecek, Barbara."Senna". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved3 June 2023.
  10. ^"Senna". Flora of China. Retrieved3 June 2023.
  11. ^abcLewis, G., et al. 2005.Legumes of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, England.ISBN 978-1-900347-80-8
  12. ^Irwin H. S., Barneby R. C. (1982). "The American Cassiinae: A synoptical revision of Leguminosae tribe Cassieae subtribe Cassiinae in the New World".Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden.35:1–119.
  13. ^Singh, V. 2001.Monograph on the Indian Subtribe Cassiinae. Scientific Publishers (India): Jodhpur, India.
  14. ^Linnaeus, C. 1753.Cassia. page 376. In:Species Plantarum volume 1.Cassia (includingSenna) In:Species Plantarum volume 1 At:Biodiversity Heritage Library
  15. ^Miller, P. 1754.The Gardeners Dictionary, Abridged 4th edition.
  16. ^de Lima, Alexandre G.; Mansano, Vidal de F.; Trovó, Marcelo; Bacon, Christine D. (2025)."Morphometric and taxonomic studies ofSenna ser. Coriaceae (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cassieae), including a new species from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil".Brazilian Journal of Botany.48 18.doi:10.1007/s40415-024-01054-3. Retrieved15 October 2025.
  17. ^de Lima, Alexandre G.; Trovó, Marcelo; Bortoluzzi, Roseli Lopes; Rando, Juliana G.; Bacon, Christine D.; Mansano, Vidal de F. (2024)."Taxonomic Revision ofSenna ser. Spinescentes (Leguminosae, Cassieae), Including Two New South American Species".Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden.109:413–427.Bibcode:2024AnMBG.109..413G.doi:10.3417/2024877. Retrieved15 October 2025.
  18. ^Lima, Alexandre G.; Queiroz, Luciano P.; Tomazello-Filho, Mario; Lewis, Gwilym P.; Souza, Vincius C. (2021)."A New Endangered Species ofSenna (Leguminosae) from the Atlantic Forest of Bahia, Brazil, Supported by X-ray Analysis of Leaflets".Systematic Botany.46 (3):828–833.Bibcode:2021SysBo..46..828L.doi:10.1600/036364421X16312067913589. Retrieved15 October 2025.
  19. ^Lima, Alexandre G.; Mansano, Vidal de F.; De Oliveira, Marcelo T.; Lewis, Gwilym P.; Bacon, Christine D.; Souza, Vinicius C. (2025)."A synopsis ofSenna ser.Bacillares (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cassieae) in Brazil, including a remarkable new species from Amazonia".Brittonia.77 (3):314–349.Bibcode:2025Britt..77..314D.doi:10.1007/s12228-025-09835-0. Retrieved15 October 2025.
  20. ^Bruneau, André; Gibau de Lima, Alexandre; Bortoluzzi, Roseli Lopes da Costa (3 April 2024)."Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of the Caesalpinioideae: a new subfamily classification based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny".PhytoKeys (2024):1–44.doi:10.3897/phytokeys.101.101716 (inactive 16 October 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2025 (link)
  21. ^The Fossil History of Leguminosae from theEocene of Southeastern North America by Patrick S. Herendeen,Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P. S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992,The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,ISBN 0 947643 40 0
  22. ^"Senna". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved1 June 2023.
  23. ^"Senna". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved1 June 2023.
  24. ^abBir Bahadur (2019).Asymmetry in Plants: Biology of Handedness. CRC Press.ISBN 978-0-429-96071-0.
  25. ^Bruna Karen Pinheiro-Costa, José Neiva Mesquita-Neto, Juliana Ordones Rego, Clemens Schlindwein; et al. (2018)."Trade off between quantity and size of pollen grains in the heterandrous flowers of Senna pendula (Fabaceae)".Acta Botanica Brasilica.32 (3):446–453.Bibcode:2018AcBBr..32..446P.doi:10.1590/0102-33062018abb0132.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^Teangpook C.; et al. (2011)."Production and nutrition ofKhi Lek (Siamese cassia) curry from central Thailand"(PDF).Kasetsart. J. (Nat. Sci.).45:510–20. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2013-08-29.
  27. ^abLeung, L; Riutta, T; Kotecha, J; Rosser, W (2011)."Chronic constipation: An evidence-based review".The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine.24 (4):436–51.doi:10.3122/jabfm.2011.04.100272.PMID 21737769.
  28. ^Lockhart, Bill; Schriever, Beau."California Fig Syrup: The Company and Its Bottles"(PDF).Society for Historical Archaeology. Retrieved2022-01-01.
  29. ^Mueller-Lissner, S. A.; Wald, A (2010)."Constipation in adults".BMJ Clinical Evidence.2010: 0413.PMC 3217654.PMID 21418672.
  30. ^Wald, A (2016). "Constipation: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment".JAMA.315 (2):185–91.doi:10.1001/jama.2015.16994.PMID 26757467.
  31. ^Izzy, M; Malieckal, A; Little, E; Anand, S (2016)."Review of efficacy and safety of laxatives use in geriatrics".World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics.7 (2):334–342.doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.334.PMC 4848256.PMID 27158549.
  32. ^CADTH Rapid Response Reports (2014)."Treatments for Constipation: A Review of Systematic Reviews".Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. CADTH Rapid Response Reports.PMID 25535635.
  33. ^Gordon, M; MacDonald, J. K.; Parker, C. E.; Akobeng, A. K.; Thomas, A. G. (2016)."Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation".The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2018 (8) CD009118.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009118.pub3.PMC 6513425.PMID 27531591.
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