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Ananti-aircraft vehicle, also known as aself-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) orself-propelled air defense system (SPAD), is a mobile vehicle with a dedicatedanti-aircraft capability.
Specific weapon systems used includemachine guns,autocannons, larger guns, orsurface-to-air missiles, and some mount both guns and longer-ranged missiles (e.g. thePantsir missile system). Platforms used include bothtrucks and heaviercombat vehicles such asarmoured personnel carriers andtanks, which add protection from aircraft, artillery, and small arms fire for front line deployment.
Anti-aircraft guns are usually mounted in a quickly-traversingturret with a high rate of elevation, for tracking fast-moving aircraft. They are often in dual or quadruple mounts, allowing a high rate of fire. In addition, most anti-aircraft guns can be used in a direct-fire role against surface targets to great effect. Today,surface-to-air missiles (generally mounted on similar turrets) have largely supplanted anti-aircraft guns, but they may return as a cheap way to counter unmanned aerial systems (drones), cruise missiles, and ultralight aircraft.
Anti-aircraft machine guns have long been mounted on trucks, and these were quite common duringWorld War I. A predecessor of the WWII German "88" anti-aircraft gun, the WWI German 77 mm anti-aircraft gun, was truck-mounted and used to great effect against British tanks.
The BritishQF 3 inch 20 cwt was mounted on trucks for use on theWestern Front. The British also had a first dedicated anti aircraft weapon, theQF 1-pounder pom-pom. Mounted on an armoured truck titled thePierce-Arrow armoured AA lorry, which was produced in limited numbers and only seeing service throughout 1915. Towards the end of the war Germany produced three prototype SPAAGs with AA guns mounted onA7V chassis known as the A7V Flakpanzer.[1]
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Between the two World Wars, the United Kingdom developed theBirch gun, a general-purpose artillery piece on an armoured tracked chassis capable of maintaining formation with their current tanks over terrain. The gun could be elevated for anti-aircraft use.
The first tracked SPAAG-design to be manufactured in series was most likely the British/Siamese Vickers Armstrong "Type 76" (perBuddhist year 2476 = 1933 CE), as named by theRoyal Siamese Army, a SPAAG based on the chassis of theDragon, Medium, Mark IV artillery tractor (Vickers Mk.E 6-ton light tank derivative), mounting a revolving Vickers 40 mmQF 2 pounder pom-pom autocannon in an open fighting compartment. About 26 were sold toSiam in 1932 and saw action as infantry support guns and AA guns during theFranco-Thai war (1940–1941) along with 30 Vickers Mk.E Type B 6-ton tanks. Despite being the first tracked SPAAG en masse, the open-top design of the Vickers Type 76 made it outdated even by the early 1930s.
The first modern SPAAG to be produced was most likely the SwedishLandsverk L-62 Anti in 1936, featuring a tracked armoured body with a revolving turret, a so-calledanti-aircraft tank. It was based on a widened chassis of theLandsverk L-60 light tank and was armed with aBofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60 in an open-top revolving turret. The design was bought by Hungary just prior to the war and Finland ordered a refined model in 1941, known as theAnti II.
By the late 1930s, the British had developed a version of theMk.VI Light Tank armed with four machine guns that were known as Light Tank AA Mk.I, and also a twin 15 mm version based on the Light Tank Mk.V was built. Among early pre-war pioneers of self-propelled AA guns were the Germans. By the time of the war, they fielded theSd.Kfz. 10/4 andSd.Kfz. 6/2, cargo half-tracks mounting single 20 mm or 37 mm AA guns (respectively). Later in the war similar German half-tracks mountedquadruple 20 mm weapons.
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Larger guns followed on larger trucks, but these mountings generally required off-truck setup in order to unlimber the stabilizing legs these guns needed. One exception to this rule was the ItalianCannone da 90/53 which was highly effective when mounted on trucks, a fit known as the "autocannoni da 90/53". The 90/53 was a feared weapon, notably in the anti-tank role, but only a few hundred had been produced by the time of the armistice in 1943.
Other nations tended to work on truck chassis. Starting in 1941, the British developed the "enportee" method of mounting an anti-tank gun (initially a2 pounder) on a truck. This was to prevent the weapon from being damaged by long-distance towing across rough, stony deserts, and it was intended only to be a carrying method, with the gun unloaded for firing. However, crews tended to fire their weapons from their vehicles for the mobility this method provided, with consequent casualties. This undoubtedly inspired their Morris C9/B (officially the "Carrier, SP, 4x4, 40 mm AA"), aBofors 40 mm AA gun mounted on a chassis derived from theMorris "Quad" Field Artillery Tractor truck. Similar types, based on 3-ton lorries, were produced in Britain, Canada and Australia, and together formed the most numerous self-propelled AA guns in British service.
The U.S. Army brought truck-towed Bofors 40 mm AA guns along with truck-mounted units fitted with mechanized turrets when they sailed, first for Great Britain and then onto France. The turrets carried four .50 inch (12.7 mm) machine guns, which were designed to be adjusted to converge at the single point where enemy aircraft were expected to appear at low altitude in conduction of strafing runs directed at large infantry and field artillery units.
Interest in mobile AA turned to heavier vehicles with the mass and stability needed to easily train weapons of all sizes. Probably the desire, particularly in German service, for anti-aircraft vehicles to be armoured for their own protection also assisted this trend.
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The concept of using armored SPAAG (anti-aircraft tanks) en masse was pioneered byHungary duringWorld War II with the production of the40M Nimrod, a license-produced version of the previously mentioned late 1930s Landsverk L-62 Anti I SPAAG. Germany followed later with their "Flakpanzer" series. German World War II SPAAGs include theMöbelwagen,Wirbelwind,Ostwind andKugelblitz. Other forces followed with designs of their own, notably the American M16 created by mountingquadruple M2HB Browning machine guns on aM3 Half-track.
The British developed their own SPAAGs throughout the war mounting multiple machine guns and light cannon on various tank and armoured car chassis and by 1943, theCrusader AA tanks, which mounted theBofors 40 mm gun or two-threeOerlikon 20 mm cannon. Although used during the Normandy landings, by that point German aircraft were contained by the Allies own air forces and they were largely unneeded.
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The introduction ofjet engines and the subsequent rough doubling of aircraft speeds greatly reduced the effectiveness of the SPAAG against attack aircraft.[dubious –discuss] A typical SPAAG round might have a muzzle velocity on the order of 1,000 metres per second (3,300 ft/s) and might take as long as two to three seconds to reach a target at its maximum range. An aircraft flying at 1,000 kilometres per hour (620 mph) is moving at a rate of about 280 metres per second (920 ft/s). This means the aircraft will have moved hundreds of meters during the flight time of the shells, greatly complicating the aiming problem to the point where close passes were essentially impossible to aim using manual gunsights. This speed also allowed the aircraft to rapidly fly out of range of the guns; even if the aircraft passes directly over the SPAAG, it would be within its firing radius for under 30 seconds.
SPAAG development continued through the early 1950s with ever-larger guns, improving the range and allowing the engagement to take place at longer distances where the crossing angle was smaller and aiming was easier. Examples including the 40 mm U.S.M42 Duster and the 57 mm SovietZSU-57-2. However, both were essentially obsolete before they entered service, and found employment solely in the ground-support role. The M42 was introduced to theVietnam War to counter an expected North Vietnamese air offensive, but when this failed to materialize it was used as an effective direct-fire weapon. The ZSU-57 found similar use in theYugoslav Wars, where its high-angle fire was useful in the mountainous terrain.
By the late 1950s, the US Army had given up on the SPAAG concept, considering all gun-based weapons to be useless against modern aircraft. This belief was generally held by many forces, and the anti-aircraft role turned almost exclusively to missile systems. The Soviet Union remained an outlier, beginning the development of a new SPAAG in 1957, which emerged as theZSU-23-4 in 1965. This system included search-and-track radars, fire control, and automatic gun-laying, greatly increasing its effectiveness against modern targets. The ZSU-23 proved very effective when used in concert with SAMs; the presence of SAMs forced aircraft to fly low to avoid their radars, placing them within range of the ZSUs.
The success of the ZSU-23 led to a resurgence of SPAAG development. This was also prompted by the introduction ofattack helicopters in the 1970s, which could hide behind terrain and then "pop up" for an attack lasting only a few tens of seconds; missiles were ineffective at low altitudes, while the helicopters would often be within range of the guns for a rapid counterattack. Notable among these later systems is the GermanGepard, the first western SPAAG to offer performance equal to or better than the ZSU. This system was widely copied in variousNATO forces.
SPAAG development continues, with many modern examples often combining both guns and short-range missiles. Examples include the newer versions of the Gepard, the ChineseType 95 SPAAA, and the BritishMarksman turret, which can be used on a wide variety of platforms. Some forces, like theUS Army andUSMC have mostly forgone self-propelled guns in favor of systems with short-range infrared-guided surface-to-air missiles in theAN/TWQ-1 Avenger andM6 Linebacker, which do not require radar to be accurate and are generally more reliable and cost-effective to field, though their ability to provide ground support is more limited. The U.S. Army did use theM163 VADS and developed the prototype design of theM247 Sergeant York.
Modern SPAAGs usually have short-range missiles for longer range engagement.
Some examples of modern SPAAG:
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