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Seleucid dynasty

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Royal family of the Seleucid Empire

Seleucids Σελευκίδαι
312 BC – 64 BC Royal house
TheVergina Sun remained a principal standard of the Seleucid dynasty, although the anchor and elephant were more prevalent.
Country	Syria,Persia
Founded	312 BC
Founder	Seleucus I
Final ruler	Philip II Philoromaeus
Titles	Lord ofAsia Shahanshah Basileus ofPersia Basileus ofSyria King ofBabylonia King ofArmenia King ofMacedon (claimed)
Dissolution	64 BC
Cadet branches	Diodotid dynasty (Bactria)(?)

History ofGreater Iran

Pre-Islamic

BCE / BC

Prehistory
Kura–Araxes culture	c. 3400 – c. 2000
Helmand culture/Jiroft culture	3300-2200
Proto-Elamite civilization	3200–2800
Elamite dynasties	2800–550
Lullubi/Zamua	3100-675
Marhaši	2550-2020
Bactria–Margiana Complex	2400–1700
Gutian Dynasty	2141-2050
Avestan period	c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE
Kingdom of Mannai	10th–7th century
Neo-Assyrian Empire	911–609
Urartu	860–590
Median Empire	728–550
Scythian Kingdom	652–625
Achaemenid Empire	550–330
Ancient kingdom of Armenia	331 BCE – 428 CE
Seleucid Empire	330–150
Caucasian Iberia	c. 302 BCE – 580 CE
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom	250–125
Parthian Empire	248 BCE–224 CE
Caucasian Albania	2nd century BCE – 8th century CE
Roman Empire	27 BCE – 330 CE

CE / AD

Kushan Empire	30–275
Sasanian Empire	224–651
Afrighid dynasty	305–995
Hephthalite Empire	425–557
Kabul Shahi kingdom	565–879
Dabuyid dynasty	642–760
Bagratid Armenia	880s – 1045
Alania	8th/9th century – 1238 / 9
Kingdom of Georgia	1008–1490

Islamic

Rashidun Caliphate	637–651
Umayyad Caliphate	661–750
Abbasid Caliphate	750–1258
Shirvanshah	799–1607
Tahirid dynasty	821–873
Dulafid dynasty	840–897
Zaydis of Tabaristan	864–928
Saffarid dynasty	861–1003
Samanid Empire	819–999
Sajid dynasty	889/90–929
Ziyarid dynasty	928–1043
Buyid dynasty	934–1055
Sallarid dynasty	941–1062
Ghaznavid Empire	975–1187
Ghurid dynasty	pre-879 – 1215
Seljuk Empire	1037–1194
Khwarazmian dynasty	1077–1231
Sultanate of Rum	1077–1307
Salghurids	1148–1282
Ilkhanate	1256–1353
Kart dynasty	1231–1389
Ottoman Empire	1299–1923
Muzaffarid dynasty	1314–1393
Chupanid dynasty	1337–1357
Jalairid Sultanate	1339–1432
Timurid Empire	1370–1507
Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans	1407–1468
Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans	1378–1508
Safavid Empire	1501–1722
Mughal Empire	1526–1857
Hotak dynasty	1722–1729
Afsharid Iran	1736–1750
Zand dynasty	1750–1794
Durrani Empire	1794–1826
Qajar Iran	1794–1925

Periods anddynasties ofBabylon

All years areBC

Old Babylonian

Amorite dynasty	I	c. 1894–1595
First Sealand dynasty	II	c. 1732–1475

III

Second Dynasty of Isin	IV	c. 1157–1026
Second Sealand dynasty	V	c. 1025–1005
Bazi dynasty	VI	c. 1004–985
Elamite dynasty	VII	c. 984–979
Dynasty of E	VIII	c. 978–732

Neo-Assyrian

Assyrian dynasty
(combined rule of theAdaside
dynasty and theSargonid
dynasty)

732–626

626–539

539–331

Argead dynasty	XII	331–309
Seleucid dynasty	XIII	311–141

Parthian

Arsacid dynasty

XIV

141 BC–AD 224

See also:List of kings by Period and Dynasty

TheSeleucid dynasty or theSeleucidae (/sɪˈluːsɪˌdiː/;Greek:Σελευκίδαι,Seleukídai, "descendants of Seleucus") was aMacedonian Greek royal family, which ruled theSeleucid Empire based inWest Asia during theHellenistic period. It was founded bySeleucus I Nicator, a general and successor ofAlexander the Great, after the division of theMacedonian Empire as a result of theWars of the Successors (Diadochi).

Through its history, the Seleucid dominion included large parts of theNear East, as well as of theAsian territory of the earlierAchaemenid Persian Empire. A major center ofHellenistic culture, it attracted a large number of immigrants fromGreece who, encouraged by the Seleucids, formed a dominant political elite under the ruling dynasty.^[1] After the death of Seleucus I, his successors maintained the empire's strength establishing it as a Greek power in West Asia;^[2] the empire reached its height under emperorAntiochus III.^[3] From the mid-second century BC, after its defeat at the hands of the resurgentParthian Empire, the polity entered a state of instability with slow territorial losses and internecinecivil wars. The Seleucids, now reduced to a rump state occupying a small part of Syria succumbed to theRome's annexation of their territory in 64 BC underPompey the Great.

History

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Background

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Seleucus (c. 358 – 281 BC) served as an officer of Alexander the Great, commanding the elite infantry corps in theMacedonian army: the "Shield-bearers" (Greek:Ὑπασπισταί,Hypaspistai), later known as the "Silvershields" (Ἀργυράσπιδες,Argyraspides).^[4] After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, thePartition of Triparadisus assigned Seleucus assatrap ofBabylon in 321 BC.^[5]Antigonus, the satrap of much of Asia Minor, forced Seleucus to flee from Babylon, but, supported byPtolemy, the Satrap of Egypt, Seleucus returned in 312 BC.^[6] Seleucus' later conquests includedPersia andMedia. He agreed to a peace treaty with the Indian KingChandragupta Maurya (reigned 324-297 BC).^[7] Seleucus defeated Antigonus in theBattle of Ipsus in 301 BC andLysimachus (King of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor) in thebattle of Corupedium (nearSardis) in 281 BC.^[8]^[6]Ptolemy Ceraunus assassinated Seleucus later in the same year. Seleucus' eldest sonAntiochus I succeeded him as ruler of the Seleucid territories in 281 BC.

Seleucid rulers

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Main article:Seleucid Empire

**Seleucid Rulers**
King	Reign (BC)	Consort(s)	Comments
Seleucus I Nicator	Satrap 320–315, 312–305 BC King 305–281 BC	Apama
Antiochus I Soter	co-ruler from 291, ruled 281–261 BC	Stratonice of Syria	Co-ruler with his father for 10 years.
Antiochus II Theos	261–246 BC	Laodice I Berenice	Berenice was a daughter ofPtolemy II of Egypt. Laodice I had her and her son murdered.
Seleucus II Callinicus	246–225 BC	Laodice II	Brother ofAntiochus Hierax
Seleucus III Ceraunus (or Soter)	225–223 BC		Seleucus III was assassinated by members of his army.
Antiochus III the Great	223–187 BC	Laodice III Euboea of Chalcis	Antiochus III was a brother of Seleucus III.
Seleucus IV Philopator	187–175 BC	Laodice IV	This was a brother-sister marriage.
Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV)	175–170 BC		Antiochus IV as co-ruler.
Antiochus IV Epiphanes	175–164 BC	Laodice IV	This was a brother-sister marriage.
Antiochus V Eupator	164–162 BC		Son of Antiochus IV and Laodice IV
Demetrius I Soter	162–150 BC	Apama ? Laodice V?	Son of Seleucus IV Philopator and Laodice IV.
Alexander I Balas	150–145 BC	Cleopatra Thea	Son of Antiochus IV andLaodice IV.
Demetrius II Nicator	first reign, 145–138 BC	Cleopatra Thea	Son of Demetrius I.
Antiochus VI Dionysus (or Epiphanes)	145/144–142/141 BC?		Son of Alexander Balas and Cleopatra Thea.
Diodotus Tryphon	142/141–138 BC		General who was a regent for Antiochus VI Dionysus. Took the throne after murdering his charge.
Antiochus VII Sidetes (or Euergetes)	138–129 BC	Cleopatra Thea	Son of Demetrius I.
Demetrius II Nicator	second reign, 129–125 BC	Cleopatra Thea	Demetrius was murdered at the instigation of his wife Cleopatra Thea.
Alexander II Zabinas	128–123 BC		Counter-king who claimed to be an adoptive son of Antiochus VII Sidetes.
Cleopatra Thea	125–121 BC		Daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt. Married to three kings: Alexander Balas, Demetrius II Nicator, and Antiochus VII Sidetes. Mother of Antiochus VI, Seleucus V, Antiochus VIII Grypus, and Antiochus IX Cyzicenus. Coregent with Antiochus VIII Grypus.
Seleucus V Philometor	126/125 BC		Murdered by his mother Cleopatra Thea.
Antiochus VIII Grypus	125–96 BC	Tryphaena of Egypt Cleopatra Selene I of Egypt
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus	116/113–95 BC	Cleopatra IV of Egypt Cleopatra Selene I of Egypt
Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator	96–94 BC
Antiochus X Eusebes Philopator	95–92 BC or 95-88 BC	Cleopatra Selene I
Demetrius III Eucaerus (or Philopator)	96–87 BC
Antiochus XI Epiphanes Philadelphus	94–93 BC
Philip I Philadelphus	94–75 BC or 94-83 BC
Antiochus XII Dionysus	87–82 BC
Cleopatra Selene orSeleucus VII	82–69 BC
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus	82–64 BC
Philip II Philoromaeus	65–64 BC or 69-64 BC (Died Possibly c.56 BC)

Family tree

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Detailed Seleucid dynasty Family tree

Seleucus

Laodice of Macedonia

Antiochus
from Orestia, Macedonia

Ptolemy
somatophylax

1.Apama
daughter ofSpitamenes
satrap of Sogdiana

Seleucus I Nikator
emperor of Seleucid Empire
305–281 BC

2.Stratonice
daughter ofDemetrius I
king of Macedonia

Didymeia

Stratonice of Syria
daughter ofDemetrius I
king of Macedonia

(1)Antiochus I Soter
emperor of Seleucid Empire
281–261 BC

(1)Achaeus the Elder
landowner in Asia Minor

(2)Phila
∞Antigonus II Gonatas
king of Macedonia

Apama II
∞Magas
king of Cyrene

Stratonice
∞Demetrius II
king of Macedon

2.Berenice
daughter ofPtolemy II
king of Egypt

Antiochus II Theos
emperor of Seleucid Empire
261–246 BC

1.Laodice I

Laodice II
∞Seleucus II Callinicus

Alexander
landowner in Asia Minor

Andromachus
landowner in Asia Minor

Antiochis
∞ Attalus
Attalid dynasty

Laodice II
daughter ofAchaeus
landowner in Asia Minor

(1)Seleucus II Callinicus
emperor of Seleucid Empire
246–225 BC

(1)Antiochus Hierax
ruler of Asia Minor

(1)Stratonice
∞Ariarathes III of Cappadocia

(1)Laodice
∞Mithridates II of Pontus

Achaeus
commander of Asia Minor

Laodice
daughter of
Mithridates II of Pontus

Antiochis
∞Xerxes
king of Sophene & Commagene

Seleucus III Ceraunus
emperor of Seleucid Empire
225–223 BC

Antiochus III the Great
emperor of Seleucid Empire
222–187 BC

Laodice III
daughter ofMithridates II of Pontus

Cleopatra I Syra
∞Ptolemy V of Egypt

Antiochus
co-emperor
210–193 BC

Laodice IV
∞ 3.Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Seleucus IV Philopator
emperor of Seleucid Empire
187–175 BC

Antiochus IV Epiphanes
emperor of Seleucid Empire
175–164 BC

Antiochis
∞Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia

Nyssa
∞Pharnaces I of Pontus
Mithridatic dynasty

Antiochus
emperor of Seleucid Empire
175–170 BC

Laodice V
∞Perseus
king of Macedonia

Demetrius I Soter
emperor of Seleucid Empire
161–150 BC

Antiochus V Eupator
emperor of Seleucid Empire
164–161 BC

Laodice VI
∞Mithridates V of Pontus
Mithridatic dynasty

Laodice
∞Mithridates III of Pontus

Alexander Balas
emperor of Seleucid Empire
152/150–146 BC

Cleopatra Thea
daughter ofPtolemy VI of Egypt

2.Rhodogune of Parthia
daughter of
Mithridates I of Parthia

Demetrius II Nicator
emperor of Seleucid Empire
145–138 BC

1.Cleopatra Thea
daughter of
Ptolemy VI
of Egypt
queen of Syria
126–121 BC

Antiochus VII Sidetes
emperor of Seleucid Empire
138–129 BC

Antiochus VI Dionysus
emperor of Seleucid Empire
144–142/1 BC

(1)Seleucus V Philometor
co-king of Syria 126–125 BC

1.Tryphaena
daughter of
Ptolemy VIII of Egypt

(1)Antiochus VIII Grypus
co-king of Syria 125–122 BC
king of Syria 122–96 BC

2.Cleopatra Selene
daughter of
Ptolemy VIII of Egypt

Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
king of Syria
116–96 BC

Cleopatra IV of Egypt
daughter of
Ptolemy VIII of Egypt

Alexander II Zabinas
king of Syria
128–123 BC

(1)Seleucus VI Epiphanes
king of Syria
96–94 BC

(1)Antiochus XI Epiphanes
king of Syria
94–93 BC

(1)Laodice VII Thea
∞Mithridates I Callinicus
king of Commagene

(1)Philip I Philadelphus
king of Syria
94–83/75 BC

(1)Demetrius III Eucaerus
king of Syria
96–87 BC

(1)Antiochus XII Dionysus
king of Syria
87–82 BC

Antiochus X Eusebes
king of Syria
95–92/88 BC

Cleopatra Selene
daughter of
Ptolemy VIII of Egypt

Philip II Philoromaeus
king of Syria
65–64 BC

Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
king of Syria
69–64 BC

Seleucus VII Philometor
king of Syria
83–69 BC

Berenice IV
daughter of
Ptolemy XII of Egypt

Simplified Seleucid dynasty Family tree

Antiochus

Laodice

Seleucus I Nicator
Kg. 305–281

Apama

Achaeus

Stratonice

Antiochus I Soter
Kg. 281–261

Andromachus

Antiochus II Theos
Kg. 261–246

Laodice I

Achaeus
Kg. 220–213

Laodice II

Seleucus II Callinicus
Kg. 246–226

Antiochus Hierax
Kg. 240–228

Seleucus III Ceraunus
Kg. 226–223

Antiochus III the Great
Kg. 223–187

Laodice III

Antiochus
(son of Antiochus)

Seleucus IV Philopator
Kg. 187–175

Laodice IV

Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Kg. 175–163

Antiochus
(son of Seleucus)
Kg. 175–170

Laodice V

Demetrius I Soter
Kg. 161–150

Antiochus V Eupator
Kg. 163–161

(possibly)
Alexander I Balas
Kg. 150–146

Cleopatra Thea
Qu. 125–121

Demetrius II Nicator
Kg. 145–125

Antiochus VII Sidetes
Kg. 138–129

Antiochus VI Dionysus
Kg. 144–142

Seleucus V Philometor
Kg. 126–125

Antiochus VIII Grypus
Kg. 125–96

Tryphaena

Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
Kg. 116–96

(claimed)
Alexander II Zabinas

Seleucus VI Epiphanes
Kg. 96–95

Antiochus XI Epiphanes
Kg. 95–92

Philip I Philadelphus
Kg. 95–83

Demetrius III Eucaerus
Kg. 95–88

Antiochus XII Dionysus
Kg. 87–84

Antiochus X Eusebes
Kg. 95–83

Philip II Philoromaeus
Kg. 69–63

Seleucus VII Philometer
Kg. 83–69

Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
Kg. 69–64

Footnotes

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References

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^Glubb 1967, p. 34.
^Eckstein 2006, p. 106.
^"Seleucid dynasty | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved2023-12-04.
^Esposito 2019, Chapter 8: The Seleucid Army.
^Kosmin 2014, p. 16.
^^a ^b"Seleucid empire | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved2023-12-04.
^Kosmin 2014, p. 24.
^Kosmin 2014, p. 80.

Sources

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Bevan, Edwyn Robert (2015).The House of Seleucus. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9781108082754.
Eckstein, Arthur M. (2006).Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome. University of California Press.ISBN 0520246187.
Esposito, Gabriele (2019).Armies of the Hellenistic States, 323 BC–AD 30, History, Organization & Equipment. Pen & Sword Books.ISBN 9781526730305.
Glanville Downey (8 December 2015).History of Antioch. Princeton University Press. pp. 735–736.ISBN 978-1-4008-7773-7.
Glubb, John Bagot (1967).Syria, Lebanon, Jordan. Walker.
Kosmin, Paul J. (2014).The Land of the Elephant Kings, Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire. Harvard University Press.
Mehrdad Kia (27 June 2016).The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 287–311.ISBN 978-1-61069-391-2.

External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toSeleucid dynasty.

Livius,The Seleucid Empire Archived 2013-07-19 at theWayback Machine by Jona Lendering

v t e Hellenistic rulers
Argeads	Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV
Antipatrids	Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes
Antigonids	Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender)
Ptolemies	Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Monarchs of Cyrene	Magas Berenice II Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra Selene II
Seleucids	Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Cleopatra Thea Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Cleopatra Selene I Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Lysimachids	Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos
Attalids	Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks	Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus	Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos withLaodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene	Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia	Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus
Monarchs of the Cimmerian Bosporus	Paerisades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V [ru] Kamasarye Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander withDynamis Mithridates II Asander withDynamis Scribonius's attempted rule withDynamis Dynamis withPolemon Polemon Aspurgus Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I
Monarchs of Epirus	Admetus Tharrhypas Alcetas I Neoptolemus I Arybbas Alexander I Aeacides Neoptolemus II Alcetas II Pyrrhus I Alexander II Olympias II (regent) Pyrrhus II Ptolemy Pyrrhus III Deidamia
Hellenistic rulers were preceded byHellenistic satraps in most of their territories.

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