The state capital of Selangor isShah Alam, and its royal capital isKlang,Kajang is the largest municipality by total metropolitan population andPetaling Jaya is the largest municipality by total population within the city.[6]Petaling Jaya andSubang Jaya received city status in 2006 and 2019, respectively.[7] Selangor is one of four Malaysian states that contain more than one city with official city status; the others areSarawak,Johor, andPenang.[8][9]
The state of Selangor has thelargest economy in Malaysia in terms ofgross domestic product (GDP), withRM 384 billion (roughly $82 billion) in 2022, comprising 25.6% of the country's GDP.[10] It is the most developed state in Malaysia; it has good infrastructure, such as highways and transport, and has thelargest population in Malaysia. It also has a high standard of living and the lowest poverty rate in the country.[11]
The origin of the nameSelangor is uncertain. A common suggestion is that the name refers to theMalay wordlangau, a large fly orblowfly that is found in the marshes along theSelangor River (Sungai Selangor) in the state's north-west. According to local lore, a warrior who escaped fromMalacca after thePortuguese conquest, took a break from his journey north and rested under a tree here. However, he was disturbed by a persistent fly, whereupon he decided to explore the area. When he found the place to his liking and chose to settle there, he named the place "satu (se) langau" meaning "a large blowfly".[12][13]
In the absence of a firm etymological explanation, alternative theories abound. One suggestion is that the name may have originated from a kind of tree found inKuala Selangor and alongSelangor River namedmentangau.[14] Another theory claims the state's name is derived from the termSalang Ur whereur means "town" or "village" inTamil, meaning village of the Salang people.[12] It has also been proposed that the name is derived from a combination ofsalang (stabbing) andjemur (dry in the sun), indicating that it was once a place where traitors were stabbed (salang) then left to roast in the sun (jemur).[12]
The most important settlement of the area in the ancient period may have beenKlang. Ancient artefacts includingBronze Age axes and a bronzebell dating from the 2nd century BC,[15][16][17] and iron tools called "tulang mawas" ("ape bones") have been found in or near Klang.[18] TheMao Kun map dating to theMing dynasty and used by the AdmiralZheng He during his expeditions between 1405 and 1433 refers to places in Selangor such as theKlang River estuary (吉令港) and perhaps a hilly area.[19] TheMalay Annals indicate that the Selangor area was under the control of theSultanate of Malacca in the 15th century; however, Selangor at that time was not a unified domain—separate river states such as Klang and Jeram existed in the region.[18] According to theMalay Annals,Tun Perak was appointed the chief of Klang during the reign ofMuzaffar Shah. Later, Paduka Sri Cina, the son ofMansur Shah andHang Li Po was made raja of Jeram near Langat, which may be due to the presence of Chinese miners there.[18]
After thefall of Malacca to thePortuguese in 1511, the area came under the control ofJohor Sultanate and was later governed by Sri Agar Diraja, son of theBendahara family of Johor.[20] In the 17th century, Johor was involved in a war againstJambi, and the Sultan of Johor engaged the help ofBugis mercenaries fromSulawesi to fight against Jambi.[21] After Johor won, the Bugis stayed and started to gain power in the region.[22] Initially there were only a few hundred Bugis who settled in the estuaries of the Selangor and Klang rivers as well as Linggi further south in the early 17th century, later when the Bugis had gained position of influence in Johor (the Bugis were given the position of Yam Tuan Muda having helped repel an attack fromSiak), much larger number settled in Selangor by 1723. The most prominent of the Bugis were a group of five brothers.[23] SomeMinangkabaus, who mainly settled inNegeri Sembilan, may have also settled in Selangor by the 17th century, perhaps earlier.[24] The Bugis and theMinangkabaus fromSumatra struggled for control of Johor;Raja Kecil, backed by the Minangkabaus, invaded but were driven off by the Bugis. In order to establish a power base,Raja Salehuddin, the son of Daeng Cellak (one of the five Bugis brothers) became Tengku Raja Selangor and founded the present hereditarySelangor Sultanate with its capital atKuala Selangor in 1766.[25] Selangor is unique as the only state on the Malay Peninsula that was founded by the Bugis.[26]
In the 19th century, the economy of Selangor boomed due to the exploitation of its tin reserves; mining occurred in various parts of Selangor, for example inAmpang, that led to the growth ofKuala Lumpur. In 1854, the Sultan of Selangor granted Raja Abdullah control ofKlang, passing over Raja Mahdi, the son of the chief who previously ruled Klang, which led to theSelangor Civil War fought between 1867 and 1874. The war between the Malay factions was also partly a struggle for control of the tin revenue.[27] Tin mining had attracted a large number of Chinese migrant labourers, and Chinese clans allied with Selangor chiefs also joined the civil war. The conflicts between Malay and Chinese factions in Perak and Selangor, as well as concerns over piracy that affected coastal trade, led to increasing British involvement in the affairs of the Malay states.[28]
TheKota Darul Ehsan arch over theFederal Highway, which was built to commemorate the cession ofKuala Lumpur by Selangor to the federal government to form a Federal Territory.
In 1874, SultanAbdul Samad of Selangor accepted aBritish Resident in a system that allowed the British to govern while the Sultan remained the apparent ruler. Klang was the capital of the British colonial administration of Selangor from 1875 until 1880 when it was moved to Kuala Lumpur. Under the stability imposed by the British, Selangor again prospered. In 1896, largely through the coordination of the ResidentFrank Swettenham, Selangor united withNegeri Sembilan,Perak andPahang to form theFederated Malay States, withKuala Lumpur as its capital.[29]
The Federated Malay States evolved into theFederation of Malaya in 1948, which became independent in 1957. The federation became known as Malaysia in 1963, when its existing states federated with the other British colonies ofSarawak,North Borneo andSingapore. The city ofKuala Lumpur functioned as the national capital of Malaysia and as the state capital of Selangor. In 1974, Selangor relinquished Kuala Lumpur to the federal government.[30] The Sultan of Selangor commemorated the city's transfer by building an archway on the borders of the new Federal Territory and Selangor; this archway is theKota Darul Ehsan that straddles a section of theFederal Highway betweenBangsar andPetaling Jaya. The state capital was moved toShah Alam after the cession.
Putrajaya, a new city designed to be the new administrative capital of Malaysia, was built by the federal government in Selangor;Sultan Salahuddin was asked again to cede land to the federal government.[31] Putrajaya became a federal territory in 2001.[32]
Topographically wise, Selangor is relatively level near the coast and gradually become more hilly and mountainous towards the east. The hill and mountain, surrounding the eastern and central portion of the state effectively forming a valley and a drainage basin of theKlang River, known as theKlang Valley, where most of the population are centered. The Klang Valley is often synonymously associated with another toponym,Greater Kuala Lumpur, though both terms vary between each other. Being one of the most heavily urbanised regions in Malaysia and Southeast Asia, cities that make up Klang Valley include the state and royal capitals ofShah Alam andKlang, as well as the federal capital,Kuala Lumpur, which is strategically situated in the heart of the state. It was once part of Selangor territory before it wasceded to the federal government in 1974 to form aFederal Territory. It was then followed by the 1995 cession ofPrang Besar of Sepang District to the federal government, which became what is now the nation's administrative and judicial capitalPutrajaya.
Silver Leaf Monkey in Bukit MelawatiCommonwealth Forest Park
Malaysian forest can be classified astropical rainforest. Selangor has 250,129ha of permanent reserve forest, of which 82,890 ha arepeat swamp forest and 18,998 ha formedmangrove forest along the coast. The permanent reserve forest makes up about 32 per cent of the state land.[33][34]Forest parks that are situated in Selangor include Gabai Waterfall, Taman Rimba Templer,Taman Rimba Ampang, Taman Rimba Komanwel, Sungai Chongkak, Sungai Tua, Sungai Sendat, Sungai Tekala, Kanching, Gunung Nuang andBukit Tabur.[35][36]Reserved forests in Selangor are managed and conserved by the state's forestry department, as theConstitution of Malaysia provides that forestry comes under the jurisdiction of the respective states.[37] Selangor's forestry headquarters is located at theSultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Building, in Shah Alam.[38]
Selangor is also home to a statutoryagency of theGovernment of Malaysia, theForest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Located in Kepong, FRIM promotes sustainable management and optimal use offorest resources in Malaysia by generating knowledge and technology through research, development and application in tropical forestry.[39][40]
Selangor has a few declaredprotected areas (PAs) in order to safeguard biodiversity and wildlife. They are Sungai Dusun Wildlife Reserve which was created to protect the now-extirpatedSumatran Rhinos,[41] Kutu Hill Wildlife Reserve,[42] and Bukit Sungai Puteh Hill Wildlife Reserve which is located at Kuala Lumpur and Selangor's border.[43] The state also has an ecotourism centre, Paya Indah Wetlands, which is located in the district Kuala Langat near Dengkil. It is a sanctuary to migratory and residential birds, introducedNile hippos and crocodiles.[44][45]
SeveralNature Sites in Selangor are at risk from development. These includeShah Alam Community Forest which is being cleared for housing, roads and a cemetery.[46] Similarly, Bukit Lagong forest reserve is at risk from quarrying and housing development.[47] Another threat is development for tourism such as has been proposed forKuala Selangor Nature Park.[48]
As in the rest of Malaysia, Selangor has atropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classificationAf) bordering on a tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall.
Selangor is Malaysia's most populous state; it has the nation's biggestconurbation, theKlang Valley. Selangor's geographical position in the centre ofPeninsular Malaysia contributed to the state's rapid development as Malaysia's transportation and industrial hub, creating jobs and attracting migrants from other states and from other Asian countries, especiallyIndonesia, thePhilippines,Vietnam,Myanmar,Bangladesh,India,Pakistan andChina.
Selangor's population has increased considerably in recent decades, due mostly to the development of the Klang Valley. The population was 1,426,250 in 1980, and by 2000 it had grown to 3,941,316.[50] and further increased to 5,482,141 in 2010.[51] Its population was 5,874,100 in 2015,[52] and reached 6,994,423 according to the 2020 census.[53]
The traditional culture of Selangor's Malay majority is also influenced by those ofBugis,Minangkabau,Mandailing,Javanese, andBanjarese ancestry; most of whom are Muslims. Javanese ancestry are dominant in west coast districts such asSabak Bernam,Kuala Selangor,Klang,Kuala Langat andSepang. Whereas Minangkabau descent are dominant inGombak andHulu Selangor.[55] Selangor's population also includes ethnicChinese andIndian influences; those two groups form the largest minority populations. The 3,000Mah Meri people, part of theOrang Asli—the indigenous peoples of the Peninsula—can be found onCarey Island and maintain their culture and language while adapting to the modern way of life.[56] With its advanced state of development, Selangor has more international ties through trade, business and education than other rural states.[citation needed]
Consisting of 19 chapters and 100 articles, the Constitution of the State of Selangor is the highest form of law in the state. It came into force on 26 February 1959 and was separated into two parts. Under the 1959 constitution, Selangor is aconstitutional monarchy.
The Sultan of Selangor is the constitutional Ruler of Selangor. The role, powers, and duties of the Sultan are set forth in the 1959 constitution, which proclaims that the office of Sultan is vested with the executive power of the state, are the head of the religion of Islam in the state and the "fountain of honours and dignities" in the state.[60][61] This position is hereditary and can only be held by a member of Selangor's royal family. The current ruler is His Royal HighnessSultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah, who has held this position since 2001.[62]
The State Executive Council, which along with the Sultan is Selangor's executive branch of government, was established by the constitution of 1959. It is composed of theMenteri Besar—who is its chairman and Selangor'shead of government—and ten other members; all of whom are appointed by the Sultan of Selangor from members of theState Assembly. The current Menteri Besar isYang Amat Berhormat Dato' Menteri BesarAmirudin Shari.[59]
The state also has a legislative branch, called theSelangor State Assembly. It is similar to theParliament but is limited to making laws relating to the state. Its members areelected, usually simultaneously with federal elections. The term of each state assembly member is limited to five years. The state assembly must be dissolved before or once it expires its term for a fresh election of its members.
The meaning of Gombak is unknown but it is believed that the name comes from a village inSetapak called gombak (Gombak Setia). The district was created on 1 February 1974, the same day whenKuala Lumpur was declared a Federal Territory. Gombak is one of the few districts that has many cities and all of its sub-districts are cities except Batu 20,Kampung Sungai Pusu, andSetapak. Popular tourism places includeZoo Negara,Batu Caves, andForest Research Institute Malaysia.
Kajang,Beranang,Cheras,Hulu Langat, Hulu Semenyih, Kelanang, Tanjong 12, Tarun, Sungai Makau, Sungai Lui, Sungai Kembong Beranang, Sri nanding, Simpang Balak, Rumah Murah Sungai Lui, Kampung Sungai Tangkas, Kacau, Kampung Pasir Batu 14 Semenyih, Desa Raya, Sungai Raya, Batu 26, Batu 23.
The name Hulu Langat means the beginning ofLangat River. Hulu Langat has many major cities which are mostly located in the north of the district, such asCheras andKajang. Popular tourism places includes Sungai Congkak Recreational Forest[66] andGabai River.[67]
The name Hulu Selangor means the beginning of river of selangor. Hulu Selangor have a city but majority of the settlements in the district are villages. The district is still largely covered with forests. Popular tourism places includeBukit Kutu,[69] and Kerling Hot Spring.[70]
Api-api,Kuala Selangor,Bukit Melawati,Ijok,Kampung Kuantan, Kuala Sungai Buloh, Pasangan, Ulu Tinggi, Ujong Permatang, Tambak Jawa, Taman PKNS, Sungai Sembilang, Simpang 3 Ijok, Pasir Penambang, Simpang 3, Parit Mahang, Kg. Baru Hulu Tiram Buruk, Bukit Talang, Bukit Belimbing.
The word "Kuala" means the meeting between two or more rivers while the word Selangor comes from the name of the river located in the district,Selangor River.[75] The combination of two words generates the name Kuala Selangor.[76] Popular place to visit includes Bukit Melawati,[77]Kuala Selangor Nature Park and Kampung Kuantan Fireflies.[78]
The name Sabak Bernam comes from the story that this place is opened by six friends (Malay : Sahabat berenam).[82] Sabak Bernam main economic activity is agriculture and it is popular for its paddy fields especially inSekinchan.[83]
The economy of Selangor is a progressivemarket economy whose core sectors are commerce and agriculture. Selangor is the richest state in Malaysia in terms ofgross domestic product (GDP) per capita (PPP).[99] On 27 August 2005, Selangor was officially declared the first developed state in Malaysia by the state government.[100][101][102]
Commerce, industry and services are a major contributor to the economy of Selangor, accounting for over 58% of the state's GDP. Several industrial sites produce electronic goods, chemicals and vehicles includingProton andPerodua cars.[103][104][105] Imported vehicles from manufacturers includingToyota,Nissan,Volkswagen andBMW Motors are also assembled in the state.[106][107][108][109][110][111][112]
Agriculture, a thriving sector of Selangor's economy, contributes 1.4% of the state's GDP.[115] Agricultural activities of significance in the state include the establishment ofpalm oil andrubber plantation sites.[116][117] Selangor was one of the states in colonial Malaya where rubber plantations were first established in early the 20th century.[118] and Malaya became the world's biggest producer of rubber by the 1930s. Later many rubber plantations were replaced by palm oil in the later part of the 20th century. Coconut and coffee were also planted. Other crops grown in the state are star fruits, papayas and bananas.[119] Selangor is not a major producer of rice; however, paddy fields exist inKuala Selangor andSabak Bernam.[120][better source needed]
Selangor is also well known as a haven for massage and spa lovers.[126] Since 2009, there has been an increase in businesses operating as traditional massage and reflexology parlors. While most of the businesses are genuine, some brothels masquerade as massage parlours and spas; theRoyal Malaysian Police frequently raid such establishments when they receive tip-offs from the public.[127]
Selangor is linked to the rest of Malaysia by comprehensive air, road and rail connections. Public transport in the state is present but underused. Most of the major highways that run through thewest coast of the peninsula, including theNorth–South Expressway, serve Selangor as well.[128] The high-speed roads andexpressways are tolled; motorists using these roads pay the tolls using stored value cards such asTouch 'n Go andSmartTAG. Cash transactions at all tolls in Malaysia were phased out between 2015 and 2017.[129]
Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), the country's main airport, is located inSepang District in the south of the state; it consists of the Main Terminal Building, Satellite terminal A and klia2.[130][131] Selangor also has the domesticSubang Airport, which is a major hub for corporate and private aviation in south-east Asia.[132][133]
Port Klang, the busiest seaport in Malaysia by sea, is located at the western tip of Selangor.[113]
Paidbus routes in Kuala Lumpur connectKlang Sentral in Klang,[134] Kompleks Perhentian Kajang inKajang,[135] One Utama Bus Transportation Hub inPetaling Jaya,[136] and Terminal Seksyen 13 inShah Alam to other states in Malaysia.[137] Public bus services that connects towns in Selangor are also available such asRapid Bus. Rapid Bus, operated byRapid KL, offered services in Klang Valley area, namelySubang Jaya,USJ, Puchong,Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam, andKlang south of the Federal Highway and Area Six, which coversDamansara,Bandar Utama,Kota Damansara and areas ofPetaling Jaya, Shah Alam, and Klang north of the Federal Highway.[138] The services was introduced on 23 September 2006 whenRapid KL decided to revamp the Klang Valley bus network. Other bus operators in Selangor includes Wawasan Sutera Travel & Tours Sdn Bhd (Klang and Banting), MARA Liner Sdn Bhd (Rawang and Hulu Selangor), Handal Ceria Sdn Bhd (Puchong, Klang south and Sepang) and The Selangor Omnibus Company Berhad (Damansara Damai and Kuala Selangor).[139]
Starting from 15 July 2015, free public bus services namedBas Smart Selangor are also available all over Selangor. It was initiate to encourage the citizens to use public transport.[140][141] On 7 November 2017, a phone application called Selangor Intelligent Transport System to check Smart Selangor buses routes and schedules was launched.[142]
TheMRT Kajang line, or previously known as SBK (Sungai Buloh-Kajang) Line, is the ninth rail transit line and the secondfully automated and driverless rail system in theKlang Valley area, Malaysia after theKelana Jaya Line. It is a part ofGreater KL/Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. The line is numbered9 and colouredGreen on official transit maps.The first MRT line covers a span of 46 kilometres from Kwasa Damansara to Kajang, passing the Kuala Lumpur city centre where the alignment goes underground. The line will be serving a corridor with 1.2 million residents within the Klang Valley region from north-west to the south-east of Kuala Lumpur. The line starts from Kwasa Damansara which is located to the north-west of Kuala Lumpur, which runs on an elevated guideway to the Semantan portal, passing through Kota Damansara, Bandar Utama, Seksyen 17 and Damansara Town Centre. Kwasa Damansara provides across-platform interchange between the SBK line and Sungai Buloh–Serdang–Putrajaya line (SSP line). The line continues in twin-bore tunnels to the Maluri portal, passing through the city centre and the Golden Triangle of Kuala Lumpur. Interchange to other lines is provided from Muzium Negara to Maluri with the exception of Cochrane in the Kuala Lumpur city. Beyond Taman Pertama, the line passes through Cheras and ends in Kajang via an elevated guideway. The line serves a corridor with an estimated population of 1.2 million people
TheMRT Putrajaya line previously known as MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya line (MRT SSP) is the twelfth rail transit line, the fourth fully automated and driverless rail system in Klang Valley area. It is a part of the larger rail transport system in Kuala Lumpur known as Greater KL/Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. The line is numbered 12 and coloured gold on transit maps.
It is one of three planned MRT rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp. Phase 1 between Kwasa Damansara and Kampung Batu was operational on 16 June 2022. The remaining line is expected to be operational in 2023.
The approved rail alignment is 52.2 km in length, of which 13.5 km is underground. A total of 37 stations, 11 of which are underground, will be built. The line will stretch from Sungai Buloh to Putrajaya and will include densely populated areas Sri Damansara, Kepong, Batu, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, Jalan Tun Razak, KLCC, Tun Razak Exchange, Kuchai Lama, Seri Kembangan, and Cyberjaya. It is expected to have a ridership of 533,000 passengers per day once completed
The expansion plan will also extend theAmpang Line to the suburb ofPuchong and the south-west of Kuala Lumpur.[148] The plan also involves the construction of a new line, tentatively called theKota Damansara-Cheras Line, which will run fromSungai Buloh in the north-western flank of the city, toKajang.[144]
In September 2009,Syarikat Prasarana Negara began a public viewing of the details of the alignment of the Ampang Line and Kelana Jaya Line at various locations.[149] The public could provide feedback on the route during the three-month display period.[150] The extension will add 13 new stations and 17.7 kilometres (11.0 miles) of new track to the network. The new terminus will be atPutra Heights where the line will meet the Kelana Jaya Line and Ampang Line to provide a suburban interchange.[148] Construction began in mid 2013 and the project was fully operational by July 2016.[151]
Selangor water works provides water supply in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. It was run by Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (SYABAS) which is owned by the state government. There are seven dams in Selangor; Sungai Selangor Dam, Sungai Tinggi Dam,Sungai Semenyih Dam, Sungai Langat Dam,Klang Gates Dam,Sungai Batu Dam, ORS Sungai Labu Dam and Tasik Subang Dam.[154]
Television in Selangor consists of sevenfree-to-air stations, onesatellite television network and twointernet television services. Three of the seven free-to-air stations are managed byRadio Televisyen Malaysia, a federal government-owned media company headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, while the four commercial stations are owned byMedia Prima, an integrated media company headquartered inBandar Utama, Selangor.[164][165] The satellite television service is owned byAstro All Asia Networks and it is available nationwide.[166] One of the Internet television services is owned by the state government of Selangor.[167]
Radio stations in Selangor are available in the FM andshortwave frequencies and are transmitted from Gunung Ulu Kali, Selangor and Kajang, Selangor.[168][169]
There are a few types of radio stations operating in Selangor, namely, commercial radio stations, local community radio stations, federal government-owned radio stations, and specialised radio stations. Commercial radio stations available in Selangor are operated by media companies such asAstro Radio, Star Media Radio Group,Media Prima,Suara Johor andBFM Media. Local community radio stations are only available in certain regions. For example, UFM (93.6) operated byUniversiti Teknologi MARA is only available in Shah Alam, Klang, and Petaling Jaya, while Putra FM (90.7) operated byUniversiti Putra Malaysia is only available in Serdang and Seri Kembangan. Both radio stations target university students.
The nineRadio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) radio networks available are Klasik FM, Muzik FM, Ai FM, Traxx FM, Minnal FM, Asyik FM, Selangor FM, KLFM, and Pahang FM. There are three specialised radio stations as well, namely IKIM.fm (91.5) operated byIKIM, Salam FM (102.5) operated byJAKIM, andBernama Radio (93.9) operated byBERNAMA. The regions of Selangor that border other states can also receive two otherRadio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) radio stations; Perak FM (89.6 MHz/95.6 MHz; Selangor-Perak border) and Negeri FM (92.6 MHz; Selangor-Negeri Sembilan border).
Full list of radio stations available in Selangor:
^W. Linehan (October 1951). "Traces of a Bronze Age Culture Associated With Iron Age Implements in the Regions of Klang and the Tembeling, Malaya".Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.24 (3 (156)). Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society:1–59.JSTOR41502997.
^abcR. O. Winstedt (October 1934). "A History of Selangor".Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.12 (3 (120)). Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society:1–34.JSTOR41559525.
^"Tanaman Getah Balak".pkps.gov.my. Selanngor Agricultural Development Program. Retrieved23 May 2018.
^"Ladang Kelapa Sawit".pkps.gov.my. Selangor Agricultural Development Corporation. Retrieved23 May 2018.
^Drabble, J. H. (July 1967). "The Plantation Rubber Industry in Malaya up to 1922".Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.40 (1 (211)):52–77.JSTOR41491906.
^"Selangor Fruit Valley".pkps.gov.my. Selangor Agricultural Development Corporation. Retrieved23 May 2018.
^Patrick Pillai (2015).Yearning to Belong: Malaysia's Indian Muslims, Chitties, Portuguese Eurasians, Peranakan Chinese and Baweanese (Illustrated ed.). ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. p. 19.ISBN9789814519670.
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