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Sekarmaji Marijan Kartosuwiryo | |
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| Imam of the Islamic State of Indonesia | |
| In office 7 August 1949 – 4 June 1962 | |
| Preceded by | position created |
| Succeeded by | position abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 7 January 1905 |
| Died | 5 September 1962 (age 57) Kepulauan Seribu,Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Cause of death | Execution by firing squad |
| Spouse | Dewi Siti Kalsum |
| Signature |  |
Sekarmaji Marijan Kartosuwiryo orSekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo (7 January 1905 – 5 September 1962) was an IndonesianIslamic mystic who led theDarul Islam rebellion against the Indonesian government from 1949 to 1962, intending to overthrow the secular Pancasila ideology and establishNegara Islam Indonesia (Islamic State of Indonesia) based onsharia law.
Kartosuwiryo was born inCepu, an oil-producing town inCentral Java, the son of a minor government official. His education was mostly in secular andDutch-medium schools. While attending NIAS (Nederlands-Indische Artsen School/ Netherlands Indies Medical College) inSurabaya, Kartosuwiryo boarded at the house of Islamist leaderTjokroaminoto and became actively involved in Tjokrominoto's PSII (Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia/Indonesian Islamic Union Party). Kartosuwiryo abandoned his medical studies to be fully immersed in politics.
While touring Malangbong, nearGarut inWest Java, Kartosuwiryo met and married the daughter of a local PSII leader. He settled down in this area, where he established amadrasa. In 1937, he resigned from PSII to establish his political movement advocating a future Islamic State of Indonesia based on Islamic law.
During theJapanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies (1942–1945), Kartosuwiryo established armed militias in theGarut area, one of many such groups supported and armed by the Japanese to help them resist any futureAllied invasion. During theIndonesian National Revolution, hisDarul Islam militia remained on amicable terms with the secular Republican forces until the latter withdrew fromWest Java according to the terms ofthe Renville Agreement in 1948, while Kartosuwiryo continued the guerrilla struggle against the occupyingDutch forces. After the second Dutch offensive (Operation Kraai) in December 1948, Republican guerrillas slipping back into West Java were attacked by Kartosuwiryo's militia, resulting in a triangular war between the Republican forces, Darul Islam, and theDutch army.
On 7 August 1949, he declared the establishment ofNegara Islam Indonesia (Indonesian Islamic State) with himself asImam. After thetransfer of sovereignty from the Dutch, Kartosuwiryo refused to acknowledge returning Republican authority and continued attacking returning Republican forces, culminating in a full-blowninsurgency.
During the 1950s, a weak central government and uncoordinated military response from the government allowed Darul Islam to flourish, controlling one-third ofWest Java and even launching raids as far as the outskirts ofJakarta. Islamic rebels inSouth Sulawesi andAceh joined Darul Islam and acknowledged Kartosuwiryo as their highest authority though in practice there was little coordination between the rebels in the different provinces. In 1957, agents sent by Kartosuwiryo unsuccessfully attempted to assassinateSukarno with a grenade attack during a primary school function atCikini,Central Jakarta.
The declaration of martial law in 1957 and the establishment ofGuided Democracy bySukarno in 1959 proved to be a turning point forDarul Islam's fortunes. The military introduced the effective "fence of legs" method to encircle the guerrillas' mountain bases and cut off their supply and escape routes, forcing the rebels to surrender or face annihilation in the face of superior firepower. Kartosuwiryo responded by declaring "total war" in 1961, in which Darul Islam guerrillas increasingly used terror tactics and banditry against civilians, further alienating the population. He also sent agents toJakarta, where in May 1962 they made another unsuccessful assassination attempt on Sukarno during theEid al-Adha prayers.In June 1962, Kartosuwiryo was eventually captured in his hideout at Mount Geber nearGarut. In captivity, he issued orders for his followers to surrender. The last Darul Islam band in West Java, operating atMount Ciremai, surrendered in August 1962. Kartosuwiryo was brought toJakarta, where he was tried by military court-martial. He was found guilty of rebellion and attempted assassination of the president, and was sentenced to death. He was executed byfiring squad on 5 September 1962.
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