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ATorah scroll (Hebrew:סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה,Sefer Torah, lit. "Book of Torah"; plural:סִפְרֵי תוֹרָהSifrei Torah) is ahandwritten copy of theTorah, meaning thefive books of Moses (the first books of theHebrew Bible). The Torahscroll is mainly used in the ritual ofTorah reading duringJewish prayers. At other times, it is stored in the holiest spot within asynagogue, theTorah ark, which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely facesJerusalem, thedirection Jews face whenpraying.
The text of the Torah is also commonly printed andbound inbook form for non-ritual functions, called aChumash (pluralChumashim; "five-part", for the five books of Moses), and is often accompanied by commentaries or translations.
Findings fromQumran,Masada, and theBar Kokhba refuge caves indicate that biblical scrolls were abundant and widely circulated in lateSecond Temple Judaea.[1]
The researchers working on the En-Gedi Scroll have concluded that by the fourth century CE, there was no halakhic rule yet prescribing that scrolls used for liturgical purposes must contain the entire Pentateuch.[2] As of 2018, no other statements regarding when this rule came into being could be made with any degree of certainty.[2] While the physically determined date for the scroll points to the 3rd or 4th centuries, its text has been palaeographically dated byAda Yardeni to the first century CE or the early second at the latest, a discrepancy not uncommon in this field, which could push back in time the entire discussion.[3]
TheEn-Gedi Scroll is a Hebrew parchmentradiocarbon-dated to the 3rd or 4th century CE (88.9% certainty for 210–390 CE), although paleographical considerations suggest that it may date back to the 1st or early 2nd century CE.[4][3] The charred scroll, foundin situ in the synagogue's Torah niche, was discovered to contain a portion ofLeviticus,[2] making it the earliest copy of a Pentateuchal book ever found in aHoly Ark.[4] The deciphered text fragment is identical to what was to become during theMiddle Ages the standard text of theHebrew Bible, theMasoretic Text, which it precedes by several centuries; it thus constitutes the earliest evidence of this authoritative text version. The scroll is badly charred and fragmented and required noninvasive scientific techniques to virtually unwrap and read.[5]
Torah reading from a Torah scroll orSefer Torah is traditionally reserved for Monday and Thursday mornings, as well as forShabbat,fast days, andJewish holidays. The presence of aquorum of ten Jewish adults (minyan) is required for the reading of the Torah to be held in public during the course of the worship services. Asthe Torah is sung, following the often dense text is aided by ayad ("hand"), a metal or wooden hand-shaped pointer that protects the scrolls by avoiding unnecessary contact of the skin with the parchment.
All Jewish prayers start with ablessing (berakhah), thanking God forrevealing the Law to the Jews (Matan Torah), before Torah reading and all days during the first blessings of the morning prayer (Shacharit).[6][dubious –discuss]
According tohalakha (Jewish law), a Torah scroll is a copy of theHebrew text of the Torah handwritten on special types ofparchment by using aquill or another permitted writing utensil, dipped in ink. Producing a Torah scroll fulfills one of the613 commandments.[7]
Written entirely inBiblical Hebrew, a Torah scroll contains 304,805 letters, all of which must be duplicated precisely by a trained scribe, orsofer, an effort which may take as long as approximately one and a half years. An error during transcription may render the Torah scrollpasul ("invalid").[8]
According to theTalmud, all scrolls must be written ongevil parchment that is treated with salt, flour andm'afatsim (a residue of wasp enzyme and tree bark)[9] in order to be valid. Scrolls not processed in this way are considered invalid.[10]
There are only two types of kosherparchment allowed for a Torah scroll:gevil andklaf.[7]
The ink used is subject to specific rules.[11] The ink needs to adhere to a surface that flexes and bends as the scroll is rolled and unrolled, so special inks were developed. Even so, ink slowly flakes off with time and use; if ink from too many letters wears away, a Torah scroll is renderedpasul ("invalid") and can no longer be used.
After the preparation of the parchment sheet, the scribe must mark out the parchment using thesargel ("ruler") ensuring the guidelines are straight. Only the top guide is done and the letters suspended from it. Most modern Torah scrolls are written with forty-two lines of text per column (Yemenite Jews use fifty-one). Very strict rules about the position and appearance of theHebrew alphabet are observed.[11] Any of severalHebrew scripts may be used, most of which are fairly ornate and exacting. The fidelity of the Hebrew text of theTanakh, and the Torah in particular, is considered paramount, down to the last letter: translations or transcriptions are frowned upon for formal service use, and transcribing is done with painstaking care.[citation needed]
Some errors are inevitable in the course of production. If the error involves a word other than thenames of God the mistaken letter may be obliterated from the scroll by scraping the letter off the scroll with a sharp object. If the name of God is written in error, the entire page must be cut from the scroll and a new page added, and the page written anew from the beginning. The new page is sewn into the scroll to maintain continuity of the document. The old page is treated with appropriate respect, and is buried with respect rather than being otherwise destroyed or discarded.[citation needed]
The completion of the Torah scroll is a cause for great celebration, and honoured guests of the individual who commissioned the Torah are invited to a celebration wherein each of the honored guests is given the opportunity to write one of the final letters. It is a great honour to be chosen for this.[citation needed]
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It is a religious duty ormitzvah for every Jewish male to either write or have written for him a Torah scroll. Of the 613 commandments, one – the 82nd as enumerated byRashi, and the final as it occurs in the text theBook of Deuteronomy (Deuteronomy 31:19) – is that every Jewish male should write a Torah scroll in his lifetime. This is law number 613 of 613 in the list of Laws of the Torah as recorded by Rabbi Joseph Telushkin in his book "Biblical Literacy", 1st edition, New York: Morrow 1997, p. 592: "The commandment that each Jew should write a Torah scroll during his lifetime."
It is considered a tremendous merit to write (or commission the writing of) a Torah scroll, and a significant honour to have a Torah scroll written in one's honour or memory.[12]
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In modern times, it is usual for some scholars to becomesoferim and to be paid to complete a Torah scroll under contract on behalf of a community or by individuals to mark a special occasion or commemoration. Because of the work involved, these can cost tens of thousands ofUS dollars to produce to ritually proper standards.
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A printed version of the Torah is known colloquially as aChumash (pluralChumashim). Although strictly speaking it is known as Chamishah Chumshei Torah (Five "Fifths" of Torah). They are treated as respected texts, but not anywhere near the level of sacredness accorded a Torah scroll, which is often a major possession of a Jewish community. Achumash contains the Torah and other writings, usually organised for liturgical use, and sometimes accompanied by some of the main classic commentaries.
While not in use, a Torah scroll (Sefer Torah) is housed in theTorah ark (Aron Kodesh orHekhal), which in its turn is usually veiled by an embroideredparochet (curtain), as it should be according toExodus 26:31–34.
The gold and silver ornaments belonging to the scroll are collectively known askele kodesh (sacred vessels). The scroll itself will often be girded with a strip of silk (seewimpel) and "robed" with a piece of protective fine fabric, called the "Mantle of the Law". It is decorated with an ornamentalpriestly breastplate, scroll-handles (‘etz ḥayyim), and the principal ornament—the "Crown of the Law", which is made to fit over the upper ends of the rollers when the scroll is closed. Some scrolls have two crowns, one for each upper end. The metalwork is often made of beaten silver, sometimes gilded.[citation needed] The scroll-handles, breastplate and crown often have little bells attached to them.
The housing has two rollers, each of which has two handles used for scrolling the text, four handles in all. Between the handles and the rollers are round plates or disks which are carved with images of holy places, engraved with dedications to the donor's parents or other loved ones, and decorated with gold or silver.[citation needed]
In theMizrachi andRomaniote traditions, the Torah scroll is generally not robed in a mantle, but rather housed in an ornamental wooden case which protects the scroll, called a "tik", pluraltikim. SomeSephardic communities — those communities associated with the Spanish diaspora, such asMoroccan Jews, theSpanish and Portuguese Jews (with the exception of the Hamburg tradition[13]), and theJudaeo-Spanish communities of theOttoman Empire — also usetikim,[14] though this is not always the case.[15]
The installation of a new Torah scroll into a synagogue, or into the sanctuary or study hall (beth midrash) of a religious school (yeshiva), rabbinical college, university campus, nursing home, military base, or other institution, is done ina ceremony known ashachnosas sefer Torah, or "ushering in a Torah scroll"; this is accompanied by celebratory dancing, singing, and a festive meal.[16]
This practice has its source in the escorting of theArk of the Covenant toJerusalem, led by KingDavid. As described in theBooks of Samuel, this event was marked by dancing and the playing of musical instruments (2 Samuel 6:14–15). Both the priests orkohanim and David himself "danced before the Ark" or "danced before the Lord".[16][17]
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Special prayers are recited when the Torah scroll is removed from the ark and the text is chanted, rather than spoken, in a special melodic manner (seeCantillation andNigun). Whenever the scroll is opened to be read it is laid on a piece of cloth called themappah. When the Torah scroll is carried through the synagogue, the members of the congregation may touch the edge of their prayer shawl (tallit) to the Torah scroll and then kiss the shawl as a sign of respect.As it is important to guard the sanctity of a Torah, dropping it, or allowing it to fall, is regarded as a desecration.
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