Thesecretary of state is an official in thestate governments of 47 of the 50 states of theUnited States, as well asPuerto Rico and other U.S. possessions. InMassachusetts,Pennsylvania, andVirginia, this official is called thesecretary of the commonwealth. In states that have one, the secretary of state is the chief administrative officer of the state and is often the primary custodian of important state records. In the states ofAlaska,Hawaii, andUtah, there is no secretary of state; in those states many duties that a secretary of state might normally execute fall within the domain of thelieutenant governor. Like the lieutenant governor, in most states, the secretary of state is in theline of succession to succeed the governor, in most cases immediately behind the lieutenant governor. In three states with no lieutenant governor (Arizona,[1]Oregon andWyoming) as well as the U.S. territory ofPuerto Rico, the secretary of state is first in the line of succession in the event of a gubernatorial vacancy.
Currently, in 35 states, the secretary of state is elected, usually for a four-year term. In others, the secretary of state is appointed by thegovernor with confirmation with the state's respective Senate;Florida,[2]Oklahoma,Texas, andVirginia[3] are among the states with this practice. In three states, the secretary of state is elected by thestate legislature: theGeneral Assembly ofTennessee meets injoint convention to elect the secretary of state to a four-year term,[4] and theMaine Legislature andNew Hampshire General Court also select their secretaries of state, but to two-year terms.[5] The longest serving state secretary of state in history wasThad A. Eure ofNorth Carolina, who served from 1936 until 1989.
The actual duties of a secretary of state vary widely from state to state. In most states, the secretary of state's office is a creation of the original draft of thestate constitution. However, in many cases responsibilities have been added bystatute orexecutive order.
The most common, and arguably the most important, function held by secretaries of state is to serve as the state's chief elections official (although many states also havesupervisors of elections, which are usually county elected officials). In 38 states, the ultimate responsibility for the conduct of elections, including the enforcement of qualifying rules, oversight of financial regulation and establishment ofElection Day procedures falls on the secretary of state. The exceptions are Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia and Wisconsin.[6]
In the vast majority of states, the secretary of state is also responsible for the administration of theUniform Commercial Code, an act which provides for the uniform application of businesscontracts and practices across the United States, including the registration ofliens onpersonal property. Hand in hand with this duty, in most states the secretary of state is responsible for statetrademark registration and for chartering businesses (usually includingpartnerships andcorporations) that wish to operate within their state. Accordingly, in most states, the secretary of state also maintains all records on business activities within the state. And in some states, the secretary of state has actual wide-ranging regulatory authority over businesses as well.
In addition to business records, the secretary of state's office is the primary repository of official records in perhaps a majority of states. This includes in most states the official copies of state documents including the actual official copy of thestate constitution (and inDelaware, the state-owned copy of theUnited States Bill of Rights[7]) formal copies of legislative acts enacted into law,executive orders issued by the governor, and regulations and interpretations of statutes issued by state regulatory agencies. In at least a half-dozen states, this record keeping authority extends tocivil acts, such asmarriages,birth certificates, andadoption anddivorce decrees. Many states also require the secretary of state's office to also maintain records of land transactions and ownership.
In at least 35 states, the secretary of state is also responsible for the administration ofnotaries public. And almost all states also designate (almost always in the state constitution itself) that the secretary of state shall be the "keeper of theGreat Seal" of the state. Ostensibly this requires the secretary to make decisions as to where the state seal shall be affixed, whether it be onto legislation, state contracts, or other official documents.
In several states the secretary of state is also in charge of monitoring the activities oflobbyists. While some might regard this as a natural extension of the role as chief elections officer, thesecretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia, who is not in charge of elections in that state, is nonetheless responsible for regulating lobbying.
In about five states, the secretary of state is the official in charge of the official statemuseum. In some of these states, and also some states without official museums, the secretary of state is designated as the official with responsibility for maintenance of the state's historical records.
A few states put the secretary of state in charge of the use of public property. In most cases, this means only public buildings (usually thestate capitol building), but inMississippi it also includes some lands that are legally defined as belonging to the state, such astidelands.[8]
Several states grant a technical statutory authority to the secretary of state in the realm ofpardons andcommutations. In most cases, this is nothing more than the responsibility to affix thestate seal upon the governor's proclamation. However, inDelaware[9] andNebraska,[10] the secretary of state sits on aboard of pardons with the governor, and the secretary of state commands equal authority with the governor in any pardoning decisions that are issued.
Since the early 1980s, many states have increased efforts to developdirect commercial relations with foreign nations. In several of these states, the state's secretary of state has been given primary responsibility in this area. Despite this, there should be no confusion of the duties of a particular state's secretary of state and those of theUnited States secretary of state. The prohibition of theUnited States Constitution[11] against individual states havingdiplomatic relations with foreign states is absolute; these recently evolved duties are of a purely commercial nature.
InMaine andCalifornia, in the event of some electoral ties, it is the secretary of state who determines the winner bydrawing lots. In California, this doesnot extend to primary elections, or to the elections of the governor or the lieutenant governor.[12] In Maine, this dutyonly applies to primary elections.[13]
Several states have given their secretary of state at least one responsibility that is shared by no other state's secretary:
InCalifornia, consenting adults can enter into a domestic partnership by registering with the secretary of state.[14]
InConnecticut, becoming a moderator for political debates requires a license from the secretary of state.[15]
InColorado, performing arts societies are required to file certain information with the secretary of state.[16]
InDelaware, the secretary of state oversees the Delaware Office of Veterans Services.[17]
InIllinois, the secretary of state is ex officio Clerk of the Court of Claims.[18] In addition, the secretary of state is responsible for the enforcement of state motor vehicle theft statutes and the regulation of the automotive industry.[19]
InIowa, the secretary of state awards the Carrie Chapman Catt Award to every school in Iowa that signs up and registers at least 90 percent of their eligible students to vote. The award is named after the Iowan who was a national leader in the women’s suffrage movement.[21]
InKentucky, the secretary of state oversees the State Land Office, which maintains a permanent record of the state’s land grants, warrants, and surveys.[22]
InLouisiana, notices of retirement by state officials and employees are filed with the secretary of state.[23]
InMaryland, developers of residential condominiums and timeshares must register with the secretary of state.[24]
InMassachusetts, the secretary of the Commonwealth functions asregister of deeds for the entire state, maintaining branch offices in each county.[25]
InMichigan, auto insurers writing policies for Michigan residents are required to file policyholder information with the secretary of state.[26]
InMinnesota, members of state boards, commissions, and councils are appointed through a merit-based open appointments process administered by the secretary of state.[27] State law also requires the secretary of state to publish an annual report that provides a listing and description of the duties, membership, and statistics for each state board, commission, or council.[28]
InMississippi, the secretary of state has a fiduciary responsibility for enforcement of sixteenth section public school trust lands and lieu lands laws, care and management of the state's public trust tidelands, and the disposition of lands forfeited to the state for non-payment of ad valorem taxes, among other duties.[29]
InMontana, the secretary of state sits on the Board of Examiners, which serves as the issuer of state debt and approves the sale of bonds for the state.[30]
InNebraska, debt management agencies cannot carry on business without first obtaining a license from the secretary of state.[31]
InNevada, the secretary of state is a member of the governing board for theTahoe Regional Planning Agency, which protects the environment within Lake Tahoe Basin through land-use regulations.[32]
InNew York, the secretary of state is charged with oversight of the state's thousands ofcemeteries.[35] In addition, the secretary of state administers the state's Coastal Management Program under the terms of the federalCoastal Zone Management Act.[36]
InNorth Carolina, the secretary of state protects investors by prosecuting violations of the state's securities laws.[37]
InNorth Dakota, the secretary of state is a member of, and ex officio secretary to, the Emergency Commission.[38]
InOhio, the secretary of state is a member of the Apportionment Board, which meets every decade following the decennial census to redraw boundaries for each of the 99 Ohio House and 33 Ohio Senate districts. Other members of the Apportionment Board are the governor, the auditor of state and two members, one Republican and one Democrat, appointed by state legislative leaders.[39]
InOregon, the secretary of state is auditor of public accounts by virtue of the state constitution and in this capacity performsfinancial,compliance, andperformance audits of state agencies and local governments.[40][41]
InPennsylvania, the secretary of the commonwealth oversees the State Athletic Commission, which regulates professional boxing and mixed martial arts.[42]
InPuerto Rico, the secretary of state issues bingo licenses.[43]
InRhode Island, state agencies and local governments are required to file notices of public meetings with the secretary of state under the auspices of the state's Open Meetings Act.[44] The secretary of state in turn publishes said notices online.[45]
InTennessee, the secretary of state regulates disaster relief fundraising.[48]
InTexas, the secretary of state registers health spas.[49]
InUtah, local governments and limited purpose entities are required to register with the lieutenant governor, who performs the role of secretary of state.[50][51]
InVirginia, the secretary of the commonwealth manages clemency petitions, restoration of civil rights, and extraditions while also acting as thegovernor's liaison with Virginia'sNative American tribes.[52]
InWashington, the secretary of state is ex officio chairperson of the state's Productivity Board.[53] By law, the Productivity Board is charged with reviewing civil servant suggestions to improve the delivery of public services and increase efficiency of government operations.[54]
InWest Virginia, land banks cannot operate unless they have registered with the secretary of state.[55]
InWisconsin, the secretary of state is, per the state constitution, an ex officio member of theWisconsin Board of Commissioners of Public Lands together with thestate treasurer and theattorney general.[56] The Board of Commissioners of Public Lands invests Wisconsin's four school trust funds and sustainably manages the remaining school trust lands for the benefit of public education, pre-kindergarten through university.[57] A major source of revenue for the school trust funds - the largest being the Common School Fund, with a fair market value of over $1 billion - is BCPL's State Trust Fund Loan Program, which lends trust fund principal to school districts and municipalities for financing public purpose projects that contribute towards economic development, local infrastructure, capital equipment and vehicles, building repairs and improvements, or refinancing existing liabilities to reduce future borrowing costs.[58][59]
InWyoming, the secretary of state is responsible for receiving and filing ethics disclosures from all state lawmakers and each of the state's constitutional officers.[60] Wyoming is the only state in the union that lacks an ethics commission.[61]
Jocelyn F. Benson.State Secretaries of State: Guardians of the Democratic Process (Ashgate Publishing Company; 2010) 156 pages; A study of state-level secretaries of state that focuses on their role as supervisors of elections.
1▌New Progressive (1 territory) Italics indicate no secretary of state in this state, closest equivalent listed An asterisk (*) indicates that the officeholder is serving in an acting capacity.
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