| Second Battle of St. Michaels | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theWar of 1812 | |||||||
 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| United Kingdom | United States | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| George Cockburn Thomas Sydney Beckwith | Perry Benson | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| 12th Maryland Brigade | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Land: 2,100 | Land: 500 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | 14 captured | ||||||
 | |||||||
TheSecond Battle of St. Michaels was a raid conducted onMaryland's Eastern Shore by British soldiers during theWar of 1812. The raid occurred on August 26, 1813, at points betweenTilghman Island and the town ofSt. Michaels,Maryland. Localmilitia defended against the raiders.
The Maryland Eastern Shore communities had access to theChesapeake Bay, which was the main shipping route to important American cities such asBaltimore andWashington, D.C. St. Michaels was one of the communities with access to the bay, and was a target for the British because of itsshipbuilding. About two weeks earlier, the town was successfully defended by artillerists from the local militia when British forces attacked on August 10 in theBattle of St. Michaels.
A large British force landed on the shore at Auld's Point early in the morning on August 26. After marching to the main road, the force split into a small group of 300 and a large group of about 1,800. The small group moved toward Tilghman Island in pursuit of a militia company. Two merchant vessels were burned and a small number of militiamen were captured. Most of the militia fled to safety. The larger group of British moved toward St. Michaels. They were confronted by Maryland militia numbering less than one third of the size of the British force. After a short exchange ofartillery andmusket fire, the British mysteriously withdrew.
On June 17, 1812, theUnited States Senate approved aresolution passed by theUnited States House of Representatives that declared war against theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (a.k.a.Great Britain). PresidentJames Madison signed the resolution into law on June 18.[1][2] The country was not united in its feelings toward Great Britain. Many members of theFederalist political party, a coalition of bankers and businessmen, wereopposed to the war.[3][4] Contrary to the Federalists, members of theDemocratic-Republican Party, who had a numerical superiority, believed a war was justified.[5]
After the declaration of war, the British government declared the ports of theUnited States to be in a state ofblockade.[6] They began stricter enforcement of the blockade in 1813, when ships were sent to close theport of New York and others further south, including those on theChesapeake Bay. Early in February 1813, British ships under the command ofRear AdmiralGeorge Cockburn took possession ofHampton Roads at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, which stopped traffic in and out of the bay. This effectively closed major ports suchNorfolk inVirginia and thePort of Baltimore inMaryland.[6]
Beginning in spring, Cockburn conducted raids on towns along the Chesapeake. The raids involved the destruction or removal of property including crops and livestock.[7] On May 3, Cockburn burned most ofHavre de Grace, Maryland.[8][Note 1] More Maryland coastal towns,Georgetown andFredericktown, were burned on May 6.[11] First LadyDolley Madison called Cockburn's raids "savage", and Cockburn threatened to capture and parade her throughLondon.[7][Note 2] Cockburn established a policy that if a town kept no guns or militia, he would leave them unharmed.[13]
Vice Admiral SirJohn Borlase Warren was appointed commander ofNorth America and theWest Indies during the summer of 1812, and in January 1813 Cockburn reported to Warren inHMSMarlborough.[14] Cockburn led the August 26 raid that began on Auld's Point (Wades Point) nearSt. Michaels. He had eight ships, plus theFirst andSecondbattalions ofRoyal Marines. He also had the102nd Regiment of Foot, which was an armyregiment.[15] He used about 2,100 men who came ashore in 60barges.[Note 3] Cockburn led 300 Royal Marines while ColonelThomas Sydney Beckwith led a larger group of 1,800 men.[17]
Talbot County, which contains the townsEaston, St. Michaels, and other smaller communities, was defended mostly by state militia in 1813. Maryland's militia was organized into three divisions with a total of 12 brigades and 11 cavalry districts.[18] Much of the Talbot County militia was formed in 1807 after theattack on the AmericanUSSChesapeake by the BritishHMSLeopard.[19] Brigadier General Perry Benson, who was a veteran of theAmerican Revolutionary War, commanded the 12th Maryland Brigade, which consisted of militia from Talbot,Caroline, andDorchester counties.[20] His force at the battle consisted of the 4th and 26th Maryland infantry regiments, plus several companies ofcavalry from the 9th Cavalry District. This force totaled to about 500 men.[17] The 4th Maryland Regiment consisted of men mostly from Easton, and had anartillerycompany.[21] The 26th Maryland Regiment had companies from the St. Michaels area including Bayside.[22] The 9th Cavalry District included companies from Easton, St. Michaels, andTrappe.[22]
The British captured Maryland'sKent Island during early August 1813. The island is located north of St. Michaels and across the bay from the Maryland state capital,Annapolis. The British landed about 3,000 men on the island, but faced no resistance because most of the inhabitants fled when they learned of the invasion.[23][Note 4] The island had food and fresh water, and provided a base for operations againstMaryland's Eastern Shore, Annapolis, Baltimore, and Washington.[25] The town of Easton, the largest city on Maryland's Eastern Shore, was also a potential target.[26]
During this time, the British had ships inEastern Bay between Kent Island and St. Michaels, causing alarm inQueenstown, St. Michaels, Easton, and the surrounding area.[26] St. Michaels was a target because of its shipbuilding, and had already been attacked on August 10. At that time, artillerists from Talbot County's Maryland Militia prevented the British from destroying the town and its shipbuilding wharfs.[27][Note 5] St. Michaels is located on theSt. Michaels River, which is a water route near Kent Island that could be used to get close to Easton.[Note 6] The Eastern Shore's onlyarmory was located in Easton, as was a bank and plenty of goods for the British to plunder. As a precaution, Easton's bank sent itsspecie toLancaster, Pennsylvania.[32] A second water route to Easton,Treadhaven Creek, was protected by a six-gun battery called Fort Stokes.[20][Note 7] Queenstown, which is less than 20 miles (32 km) from Easton and close to Kent island, was attacked on August 13.[34]
Much of the Talbot County militia was sent home after the repulse of the British attack on St. Michaels on August 10.[35] However, the August 13 attack on Queenstown, and rumors that the entire British fleet was planning to sail up theChoptank River, put the county on alert again.[35] The Choptank River could be used to attack St. Michaels via a branch of Broad Creek, and the Choptank could also be used to get close to Easton via Treadhaven Creek. Militia members were recalled from their homes and prepared for a British invasion of southern Talbot County.[36]
Brigadier General Benson waited near St. Michaels with 500 to 600 militiamen.[Note 8] At 3:00 am on August 26, the British sent 60 barges of troops to Auld's point (also known as Wade's Point) at Bayside.[38] HMSConflict remained nearby in the bay. At the same time, HMSHighflyer and three schooners were moving toward the St. Michaels River from Eastern Bay.[38] Eleven more barges landed at Hamilton's Point northwest of St. Michaels.[38] Locals were informed by the British that more troops would land soon—and if the locals remained in their houses, their property would be safe.[36] Around dawn, Benson'svidettes observed the British near Auld's point, which is about six miles (9.7 km) away from St. Michaels.[36] Rear Admiral Cockburn landed about 2,100 men with artillery.[17]
Cockburn's plan was to attack a militia camp he believed was located between St. Michaels andTilghman Island.[39] He marched his men approximately two miles (3.2 km) to the main Tilghman Island–St. Michaels road, where they split into two forces. A force of 300 Royal Marines went with Cockburn southwest toward Tilghman Island.[17][Note 9] A second force, led by Colonel Thomas Sydney Beckwith, totaled to about 1,800 men and moved southeast toward St. Michaels.[17] Cockburn hoped to advance past the militia camp and then drive it toward Beckwith.[39] He was also looking for a party ofdeserters known to have taken a barge to the Bayside shore.[37]
The militia camp was not found by Cockburn because it did not exist. A small company of militia, led by Captain John Caulk, patrolled the Bayside and Tilghman's Island area.[37] Once Caulk's men discovered that their route to other militia forces near St. Michaels was blocked by Cockburn, they dispersed. Most of them escaped by crossingHarris Creek.[37] Those that were captured were taken from their homes. Two small vessels were burned, and a large amount ofplunder was taken.[40] The boat used by some deserters from the British army had already been sunk, and the deserters and their sunken boat were not found.[37]
Beckwith marched his men along the Tilghman Island–St. Michaels road toward St. Michaels to a point where Porter Creek and Broad Creek are not far from each other. Here, he formed a line across the road. He was about two miles (3.2 km) from St. Michaels, and close to Benson's militia. Benson's men were positioned in a wooded area, making it difficult for any intruder to determine the size of the militia force.[37] Benson had three artillery pieces in the middle of his line, surrounded by infantry and cavalry.[38] Eventually the two sides exchanged fire, but what theU.S. National Park Service calls "the largest Eastern Shore battle" of the War of 1812 lasted for only a fewartillery shots andmusketvolleys.[41] The British "mysteriously withdrew", and the reason for their withdrawal is still unknown.[42]
The British withdrew with their prisoners and plunder, and both forces were back aboard their ships by 5:00 PM after departing from Auld's (Wade's) Point.[39][Note 10] The ships on the St. Michaels River, and barges at Hamilton's Point, did not engage.[37][38] The only known casualties were 14 militiamen captured by Cockburn.[36] The prisoners were paroled on the next day.[43] On August 30, the British fleet was observed sailing down (south) the bay, so most of the militia was sent home.[44]
The British determined that attacks on Annapolis and Baltimore would be ill-advised because those American cities had received substantial reinforcements. They also wished to leave the region before the start of hurricane season.[45] By September, Cockburn had departed forBermuda, and a small "skeleton force" was stationed at theVirginia Capes for blockade purposes.[46] Almost exactly one year after the Second Battle of St. Michaels, theBritish burned theUnited States Capitol andPresident's Mansion (White House) in Washington, DC.[47] While Easton and Annapolis were not attacked during the war, Baltimore fought off the British during September 1814 in theBattle of Baltimore.[48]
Today (2021), theMaryland Historical Trust maintains a historic marker near the spot where Benson placed his militia.[49] Little else remains from the battle, and most discussion about the War of 1812 near St. Michaels revolves around the artillery duel on August 10.[41] The St. Michaels Museum at St. Mary's Square is a small museum near the place Benson and his infantry waited during the August 10 battle.[50] A larger exhibition hall is theChesapeake Bay Maritime Museum, which is located on the north side of the St. Michaels harbor at Navy Point.[51]
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