Sebastian Brant (alsoBrandt; 1457/1458 – 10 May 1521) was a Germanhumanist andsatirist.[1] He is best known for hissatireDas Narrenschiff (The Ship of Fools).[2]
Brant was born in either 1457 or 1458 inStrasbourg,[3]Holy Roman Empire, to innkeeper Diebold Brant and Barbara Brant (née Rickler).[4] He entered theUniversity of Basel in October 1475 and as an assistant to Jacobus Hugonius he did not pay the matriculation.[5] For five years he lived in thedorm of magister Hieronymus Berlin,[5] initially studying philosophy and then transferring to the school of law.[4] He was taughtLatin by Johann Matthias von Gengenbach, who also lectured philosophy at the Faculty of Philosophy.[6] Initially studying at the Faculty of Philosophy he later studied law. It is assumed he began his law studies in 1476, as hisbachelor is already mentioned in the winter of 1477-1478 and in 1484 Brant obtained a licentiate.[7] In 1483 he began teaching at the university and completed his doctorate in law in 1489.[4] He graduated in bothcanon andcivil law.[7]
Brant first attracted attention in humanistic circles by hisNeo-Latin poetry but, realising that this gave him only a limited audience, he began translating his own work and the Latin poems of others into German, publishing them through the press of his friendJohann Bergmann von Olpe [de], from which appeared his best known German work, the satiricalDas Narrenschiff (Ship of Fools, 1494), the popularity and influence of which were not limited to Germany. In thisallegory, the author lashes the weaknesses and vices of his time. It is an episodic work in which a ship laden with and steered by fools goes to the fools' paradise of Narragonia. Here he conceivesSaint Grobian, whom he imagines to be thepatron saint of vulgar and coarse people. He was employed by the printerJohann Amerbach with whom he collaborated in the publications of the works ofchristian fathersAugustine's andAmbrose.[8] In jurisprudence, he also worked on theCorpus Juridici canonici, which Amerbach was to print jointly withJohannes Froben in 1500.[8] He was very close with several printers of Basel.[9] Between 1488 and 1501 it is known he worked on ninety-five books and it is assumed he worked on several more.[10] Among others, forty-one were published by Johann Bergmann von Olpe, seventeen by Johann Amerbach and twenty-four by Michael Furter.[10] Most of Brant's important writing, including many works on civil and canon law, were written while he was living in Basel.[11] Other sources mention Brant's involvement in about a third of all books published in Basel the late 1500s, but this number is disputed.[10]
He returned to Strasbourg, where he was madesyndic in August 1500[12] and remained for the rest of his life. He assumed the office of the syndic in January 1501.[13] In 1502Maximilian I nominated him an Imperial Councilor.[14] He would also earn the title of a Count Palatine and later be a judge for theImperial Court in Speyer.[14] In 1503 he secured the influential position of chancellor (stadtschreiber)[13] and his engagement in public affairs prevented him from pursuing a literature career as before.[15] Brant was a catholic, but he remained tolerant to the protestants, who were allowed to preach in the market square and publish books during his tenure as a chancellor.[15] In Strasbourg his literary work included a translation into German of theHortulus Animae in 1501/1502, a Vergil edition in 1503 and he also prepared an edition ofPetrarcas "Glücksbuch" for 1520.[16]
Brant made several petitions to the Emperor Maximilian to drive back theTurks in order to save the West.[17] In the same spirit, he had sung the praises ofFerdinand II of Aragon in 1492 for having conquered the Moors and unified Spain. A staunch proponent of German cultural nationalism, he believed that moral reform was necessary for the security of the Empire against theOttoman threat.[18]
Although essentially conservative in his religious views, Brant's eyes were open to abuses in the church. He published theNarrenschiff in 1494, printed byMichael Furter.[19]Alexander Barclay'sShip of Fools (1509) is a free imitation into earlyTudor period English of the German poem, and a Latin version byJakob Locher (1497)[20] was hardly less popular than the original.Cock Lorell's Bote (printed byWynkyn de Worde, c. 1510) was a shorter imitation of theNarrenschiff. In this work Cock Lorell, a notorious fraudulenttinker of the period, gathers round him a rascally collection of tradesmen and sets off to sail throughEngland.[21]
Among Brant's many other works was his compilation of fables and other popular stories, published in 1501 under the titleAesopi Appologi sive Mythologi cum quibusdam Carminum et Fabularum additionibus, the beauty of whose production is still appreciated. Though based onHeinrich Steinhöwel's 1476 edition of Aesop, the Latin prose was emended by Brant, who also added verse commentaries with his characteristic combination of wit and style. The second part of the work is entirely new, consisting of riddles, additional fables culled from varied sources, and accounts of miracles and wonders of nature both from his own times and reaching back to antiquity.
The letters by Brant that have survived show that he was in correspondence with Peter Schott, Johann Bergmann von Olpe,Emperor Maximilian,Thomas Murner,Konrad Peutinger,Willibald Pirckheimer,Johannes Reuchlin,Beatus Rhenanus,Jakob Wimpfeling andUlrich Zasius.
In 1485 he had married Elisabeth Bürg, the daughter of acutler in the town.[22] Brant was the father of seven children.[23] Two of the godfathers to the children wereJohann Amerbach andJohann Froben.[23] Keen for his eldest son Onophrius to become a humanist, he taught him Latin in the cradle and enrolled him in the university at the age of seven. Onophrius was to study law withUlrich Zasius inFreiburg.[24] Later he would be employed in the public service in Strasbourg.[24] His daughter Anna was married to Paul Butz, Sebastian Brant’s successor.[24] He at times signed asTitio, a rarely used Latin term for firebrand, mostly when it rhymed.[25]Johannes Trithemius seemed to be more fond of the name than Brant himself, though.[25]
He died in Strasbourg.
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