Aseaplane tender is aboat orship that supports the operation ofseaplanes. Some of these vessels, known asseaplane carriers, could not only carry seaplanes but also provided all the facilities needed for their operation; these ships are regarded by some as the firstaircraft carriers and appeared just before theFirst World War.
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In maritime parlance atender is a vessel that is used to support the operation of other vessels.
In British usage, the term tender was used for small craft, with the termdepot ship being used for large seagoing vessels.Flying boats andfloat planes even when based at home in ports and harbour had a need for small support vessels to operate.[1]
British tenders were small craft oflaunch topinnace size. These were used to ferry crews, stores and supplies between shore and the aircraft, to maintain the buoys used to mark out "taxiways" and "runways" and to keep these clear of debris to preventforeign object damage, and in the case of emergency to act as rescue craft andairport crash tenders.[1] All those functions that on land would require wheeledground support equipment had a need for a watercraft equivalent.
When deploying flying boat squadrons, bases could rapidly be established in areas lacking infrastructure by sending flying boat depot ships in addition to small craft tenders. These ships could carry out the function of barracks, workshops and control towers, i.e. those functions which in a land based airfield would be fulfilled by buildings.[1]
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The first seaplane carrier appeared in 1911 with the French NavyLa Foudre, following the invention of theseaplane in 1910 with the FrenchFabre Hydravion.La Foudre carried float-equipped planes under hangars on the main deck, from where they were lowered on the sea with a crane.La Foudre was further modified in November 1913 with a 10 m (32 ft 10 in)-long flat deck to launch her seaplanes.[2] Another early seaplane carrier wasHMS Hermes, an old cruiser converted and commissioned with a flying-off deck in mid-1913. However,HMSArk Royal was the first ship in history designed and built as a seaplane carrier in 1914.
In theBattle of Tsingtao, from 5 September 1914, theImperial Japanese Navy seaplane carrierWakamiya conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids[3] fromKiaochow Bay.[4] The fourMaurice Farman seaplanes bombarded German-held land targets (communication centers and command centers) and damaged a German minelayer in theTsingtao peninsula from September 1914 until that November, when the Germans surrendered.[3]
On Christmas Day 1914, the British carried out theCuxhaven Raid; seaplanes carried within range of their targets attacked German naval targets in theHeligoland Bight.
These carriers hadhangars for storing and maintaining the aircraft, but noflight deck as in a true aircraft carrier. Instead, they used cranes to lower the aircraft into the sea for takeoff and to recover them after landing. The ships were normallyconverted merchant vessels rather than specially constructed for the task. As aircraft improved, the problems of using seaplanes became more of a handicap. The aircraft could only be operated in a smooth sea and the ship had to stop for launching or recovery, both of which took around 20 minutes. The tender was often stationed 10 mi (8.7 nmi; 16 km) or so in front of the main battle fleet with thecruiser screen so that it would not fall significantly behind when it launched its aircraft. Seaplanes also had poorer performance than other aircraft because of the drag and weight of the floats. Seaplane tenders had largely been superseded by aircraft carriers in the battle fleet by the end of the First World War, although aircraft were still of minor importance compared to the firepower of naval artillery.
The BritishHMS Ark Royal was a seaplane tender with a flying-off deck. Seaplanes could be recovered while the ship was under way through the "Hein Mat" – a sheet towed behind the vessel, once the aircraft was on the mat it was effectively stationary with respect to the ship and could be hoisted aboard.
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In the inter-war years, it was common forcruisers andbattleships to be equipped withcatapult-launchedreconnaissance seaplanes. A few navies – especially those without true aircraft carriers – also acquired catapult-equipped seaplane carriers for fleet reconnaissance.
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During theSecond World War, both theAmerican and theJapanese Navies built a number of seaplane tenders to supplement their aircraft carrier fleets. However, these ships often had their catapults removed, and were used as support vessels that operated seaplanes from harbours rather than in a seaway. These aircraft were generally for long-range reconnaissance patrols. The tenders allowed the aircraft to be rapidly deployed to new bases because their runways did not have to be constructed, and support facilities were mobile much likesupply ships forsubmarines ordestroyers.
Nazi Germany'sKriegsmarine, in the Second World War, did not operate any seaplane tenders. However, theLuftwaffe had nineteen seaplane tenders. These ships were mostly converted from existing civilian seaplane tenders, and were capable of carrying 1–3 seaplanes. The French and Italian Navies also had seaplane tenders.
Seaplane carriers became obsolete at the end of the Second World War. A few remained in service after the war but by the late 1950s most had been scrapped or converted to other uses such ashelicopter repair ships.
Examples of seaplane tenders include:
