Thescroll in art is an element ofornament and graphic design featuringspirals and rolling incomplete circle motifs, some of which resemble the edge-on view of a book or document inscroll form, though many types areplant-scrolls, which loosely represent plant forms such asvines, with leaves or flowers attached.Scrollwork is a term for some forms of decoration dominated by spiralling scrolls, today used in popular language for two-dimensional decorative flourishes andarabesques of all kinds, especially those with circular or spiralling shapes.

Scroll decoration has been used for the decoration of a vast range of objects, in all Eurasian cultures, and most beyond. A lengthy evolution over the last two millennia has taken forms of plant-based scroll decoration fromGreco-Roman architecture toChinese pottery, and then back acrossEurasia to Europe. They are very widespread in architectural decoration, woodcarving, paintedceramics,mosaic, andilluminated manuscripts (mostly for borders).

In the usual artistic convention, scrolls "apparently do not succumb to gravitational forces, as garlands andfestoons do, or oppose them, in the manner of vertically growing trees. This gives scrolls a relentless power. Even if attached to walls, they are more deeply embedded in the architectural order than the festoon, which are fictitiously hanging on them."^[2]

Typically in true scrolls the main "stem" lines do not cross over each other, or not significantly. When crossing stems become a dominant feature in the design, terms such asinterlace orarabesque are used instead. Many scrolls run along a relatively narrow band, such as afrieze panel or the border of a carpet or piece of textile or ceramics, and so are often called "running scrolls",^[3] while others spread to cover wide areas, and are often infinitely expandible. Similar motifs made up of straight lines and right angles, such as the "Greek key", are more often calledmeanders.

In art history, a "floriated" or "flower scroll" has flowers, often in the centre of the volutes, and a "foliated" or "leaf scroll" shows leaves in varying degrees of profusion along the stems. TheAra Pacis scrolls are foliated and sparingly floriated, whilst those in theDome of the Rock mosaics are profusely foliated with thick leaves forming segments of the stems. As in arabesques, the "leaf" forms often spring directly from the stem without aleaf stalk in ways that few if any real plants do; these are generally derived from the ancienthalf-palmette motif, with the stem running along the bisected edge of thepalmette.^[4] Although forms are often based on real plants, especially theacanthus,vine,lotus andpaeony,^[5] faithful representation is rarely the point of the design, as of these four only the vine is actually the sort ofclimbing plant with many stems and tendrils that scrolls generally represent.^[6] Later Islamic and Chinese scroll decoration often included more flowers than European designs, whether classical or medieval (see below).

Scroll-forms containing animals or human figures are said to be "inhabited"; more often than not the figures are wildly out of scale with the plant forms.^[7] Frequently, especially in spreading designs, an upright element imitating the main stem or flower-stalk of the plant appears as a central element protruding vertically from the base, again as in the Ara Pacis panel. This may be termed a "standard" but is not a necessary element; it gives the design a top and bottom, which may be appropriate for architecture or furniture, but many designs on textiles and pottery are intended to have no main orientation for the viewer. The standard was frequently depicted as a fanciful candelabra ingrotesque designs, in which it is an important element, central to the composition.

Scrollwork in its strict meaning is rather different; the scroll is imagined as the curling end of a strip or sheet of some flat and wide material. It develops fromstrapwork, as the ends of otherwise flat elements, loosely imitating leather, metal sheets, or broad leaves rather than plant tendrils. Rather than the "profile" view displaying the spiral, the forms are often shown front on with the width of the strip seen. It begins in the Renaissance, and becomes increasingly popular in Mannerist and Baroque ornament.

Continuous scroll decoration has a very long history, and such patterns were an essential element of classical and medieval decoration. The use of scrolls in ornament goes back to at least theBronze Age; geometric scroll ornament has been found in the Palace ofKnossos atMinoanCrete dating to approximately 1800 BC,^[8] perhaps drawing from even earlier Egyptian styles; there were also early examples inMesopotamia.^[9] Geometrical scroll patterns like theVitruvian scroll are found very widely in many cultures, and probably often developed independently.

Plant-based scrolls were very widely used in Greek and Roman architectural decoration, spreading from them to other types of objects.^[10] They may have first evolved inGreek painted pottery, where their development can traced in the large survivingcorpus.^[11] In Europe Greco-Roman decoration, probably especially as seen in jewellery and floormosaics, was adapted by the "barbarian" peoples of theMigration Period into interlace styles, often replacing the plant forms of the main scrolling stem with stretched and stylized animal forms. InInsular art the earlier interlace designs were partly replaced after Christianization by vine scrolls – a reference toJohn 15:1 "I am the true vine, and my Father is the gardener" – and medieval European decoration in general evolved styles that combined the two.

Another expansion was to the East: "The practice of decorating facades in Chinese Buddhist caves with figures combined with leaf scrolls was derived in its entirety from provincial forms of Hellenistic architecture employed inCentral Asia"; they appear in China from the 5th century.^[12] The (Nelumbo nucifera) lotus flower was a symbol ofBuddhism, and so very often included in these religious scroll designs from the 6th century on,^[13] which was to have a profound influence on Asian scroll designs, long after the religious significance had been largely or entirely forgotten, and in places where the actual lotus water plant was unknown.^[14]

It was several centuries before these designs were adapted by Chinese potters, via their earlier adoption in metalwork;^[15] indeed an isolatedgilt-bronze cup with a vine scroll comes from the 5th-centuryNorthern Wei, probably influenced by metalwork from the West,^[16] and more abstracted or geometrical scroll designs appear earlier in Chinese art. The paeony seems to have become very fashionable in China during theTang dynasty, and often replaced the lotus flower.^[17] By theYuan dynasty plant scroll designs became very important in painted pottery. In the Islamic world the external influences were initially mainly from their Byzantine andSasanian predecessors, but later, especially after theMongol conquests, from Chinese designs, especially in pottery, which themselves had developed from the original Buddhist importation to China.^[18]

Greco-Buddhist art, and direct luxury imports, brought scroll forms to India, for example to the great 1st centurystupa atAmaravati in southern India,^[19] from where they spread to South-East Asia, with additional input from China. There they often became very abstracted in pottery.Japan was heavily influenced by China. From the late medieval period onwards Chinese and Indian scrolling styles, and their Islamic cousins, were imported to Europe on pottery and textiles, reaching a peak of influence in the 18th-century. In the Renaissance Europe had also revived interest in versions of its own classical styles that more strictly followed their originals.

In one common spreading type for wide areas, the basic form of the arabesque is a heart shape formed from two confronted volutes on stems, shown highlighted in green in the illustration. To this core are added any number of further volutes, above, below or to the sides. It is thus a motif which can be infinitely expanded to cover a surface of any size, and indeed this function of decorating plain surfaces, as a form ofdiaper, is its chief use. From the illustration it is clear that the form present on theAra Pacis (drawing E) erected in Imperial Rome during the time ofAugustus, that is to say during the 1st quarter of the 1st century AD, is unchanged in substance when compared with the form in theapsemosaic ofSan Clemente al Laterano in Rome dated c. 1200 (drawing C). The basic form appears unaltered during the intervening centuries, and indeed continued in use through theRenaissance and to the present day.

In other types the heart-shaped core is omitted, the scroll taking the form of an "S" with voluted ends, generally seen in confronted pairs, as in the mosaics of the Treasury of theGreat Mosque of Damascus, Byzantine work of the 7th century. This form is also encountered at the Treasury in Damascus, having a pair of volutes turned inwards towards the bowl. The form is generally used alone and does not sprout further volutes as generally does the core heart-shaped form.

Scrollwork (in the popular definition) is most commonly associated withBaroque architecture, though it saw uses in almost every decorative application, includingfurniture,metalwork,porcelain andengraving. InMannerism,strapwork forms often terminated in scrolls. Modern blacksmiths use scrolls in ornamentalwrought-iron work gates and balustrades, and they have formed the basis of manywallpaper designs.

Applications of single scroll forms can be seen in thevolutes at the head of anIonic column, thecarved scroll at the end of thepegbox on instruments in theviolin family (resemblingfiddleheads in nature), and the heads of manyWestern crosiers.

Scrollwork is a technique used incake decorating. "Albeit a bit baroque, scrollwork lends a charmingly antique quality to the sides of a cake."^[20] Scrollwork in wood may be made using ascroll saw.

• 
  Gandhara floral scrolls from theShotorak Monastery (Afghanistan), 2nd-3rd century AD, stone,Musée Guimet, Paris
• 
  Roman grape scrolls of theTemple of Bel,Palmyra,Syria, unknown architect or sculptor, late 1st-first half of the 2nd century AD
• 
  Byzantine scrolls on a ceiling ofBasilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, unknown architect or craftsman, begun inc.532 and consecrated in 548[21]
• 
  Byzantine scrolls with animals on theThrone of Archbishop Maximian of Ravenna, 546-556, ivory,Archiepiscopal Museum, Ravenna^[22]
• 
  Anglo-Saxon monumental cross with vine scroll, 8th-9th centuries, stone,British Museum^[23]
• 
  Late Anglo-Saxon scrolls in aBeatus initial, drawing on classicalacanthus scrolls, via theCarolingian Renaissance,c.975-1000,illumination onparchment,British Library, London
• 
  Romanesque scrollwork on a capital in theÉglise Saint-Laurent-et-Notre-Dame de Gargilesse-Dampierre,Gargilesse-Dampierre, France, unknown architect, 12th century
• 
  Gothicwrought-iron spreading scrolls with flowers on a door ofNotre Dame de Paris, unknown architect or blacksmith, 12th or 13th centuries
• 
  Chinese rinceau on a bowl, 1368-1450, porcelain,Los Angeles County Museum of Art, US
• 
  Chinese charger fromJiangxi, with blossoming peony decor, early 15th century, porcelain with underglaze cobalt blue,Sackler Museum,Harvard Art Museums,Cambridge,Massachusetts, US
• 
  Cup (guang) in the form of arhyton with dragons and scrollwork,c.1450-1644, abraded jade,Los Angeles County Museum of Art, US
• 
  Japanesetsuba with geometric scrollwork design, not imitating plant forms, unknown date,shakudo and gold,Walters Art Museum,Baltimore, US
• 
  Renaissance scrolls in theCathedral Basilica of Saint Cecilia,Albi, France, unknown painter,c.1480
• 
  Turkishİznik pottery withrock and wave" scrolls round the rim,c.1550, stonepaste with underglaze decoration, British Museum
• 
  Islamic rinceaux of theSheikh Lotfollah Mosque,Isfahan,Iran, designed byOstad Mohammad Reza Isfahani, 1603-1619
• 
  Baroque scrollwork onBadia di Sant'Agata,Catania, Italy, designed byGiovanni Battista Vaccarini, 1736-1742
• 
  Baroque scrollwork and the royal arms of theStuarts on the back of a violin, byRalph Agutter,c.1685,pine andsycamore,Victoria and Albert Museum, London^[24]
• 
  Louis XIV style armchair with scrolls at the tops of the arms, 17th-very early 18th century, wood and upholstery, unknown location

• Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome. Sides of the apse mosaic, c. 432.
• Basilica di San Clemente, Rome, apse mosaic, c. 1200.
• Lateran, Rome, chapel of Saints Rufinus & Secundus, apse mosaic, 4th century.
• Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, mosaic in north lunette, c. 440.
• Treasury ofGreat Mosque of Damascus, mosaics of external walls, 7th century.
• Dome of the Rock Mosque, Jerusalem, mosaic in octagon, 691-2

• Vitruvian scroll

• Rawson, Jessica,Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon, 1984, British Museum Publications,ISBN 0714114316

Wikimedia Commons has media related toScroll ornaments.

• Decorative arts
• Visual motifs
• Architectural elements
• Ornaments
• Ornaments (architecture)

• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Commons category link is on Wikidata