| Scolymus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scolymus hispanicus | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Cichorioideae |
| Tribe: | Cichorieae |
| Subtribe: | Scolyminae |
| Genus: | Scolymus L. |
| Synonyms | |
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Scolymus is a genus ofannual,biennial orperennial,herbaceous plants that is assigned to the familyAsteraceae, and can be found inMacaronesia, around theMediterranean, and in theMiddle East. All species are spiny, thistle-like in appearance, with flowerheads that consist of yellow (rarely orange or white) ligulate florets, and canals that contain latex. It is sometimes calledgolden thistle oroyster thistle, and is known asسكوليمس (skwlyms) inArabic andscolyme in French.[1]
The species ofScolymus are spiny herbaceous annuals, biennials or perennials of up to 1¾ m high, that contain a milky latex. These have twenty chromosomes (2n=20).[2]
Biannual and perennial plants produce a stout taproot of up to 8 cm in diameter and 60 cm long. Young plants consist of arosette of leaves, which may be variegated, once-pinnately spiny-lobed, to 30 cm long, and having short, fleshy stalks. The stems can be simple or carry many branches, and carry spiny wings along their lengths. The wavy leaves with prominent veins arepinnately divided and are alternately set along the stems. The leaf margin has prominent pale green or yellow veins and large teeth which are topped by fierce spines. The leaf surface may initially be covered in soft, felty hairs, which quickly clear away, most slowly on the veins.[1][3]
The flowerheads are seated at the end of the stem or in the limbs of the higher leaves, are arranged in a spike or a globose cluster and are subtended by two to more than five leaflike bracts. Each flowerhead is circled by aninvolucre that consists of many spine-tipped bracts in several rows, the outer papery and shorter than the inner ones, which are leaflike in consistency. These surround the common floral base (orreceptacle), which is conical in shape and is set with ovate papery bracts called chaff orpaleae. Inplanted are dorsally compressedcypselas, each enclosed by a palea, the outer rows higher than the inner ones. On top of the cypselas there may be two to five stiff scabrous bristles, which are equivalent to sepals (and are calledpappus). Also, on top of the cypsela and within the pappus is a yellow, orange or white strap-like corolla which ends in five teeth, together comprising aligulate floret.[1]
Like in all Asteraceae, thepentameric flowers haveanthers that are fused together forming a tube through which the style grows. The style picks up thepollen on hairs along its length and splits into two style branches at its tip. These parts sit on aninferior ovary that grows into anindehiscent fruit in which only one seed develops (a so-calledcypsela). All florets are set on a common base (thereceptacle), and are surrounded by several rows of bracts, that form aninvolucre.[1]
Golden thistles are assigned to the Cichorieae tribe that shares anastomosing latex canals in both root, stem and leaves, and has flower heads only consisting of onetype of floret. InScolymus these are ligulate florets, common to the group except forWarionia andGundelia, which only have disk florets. A unique character settingScolymus apart from the other Cichorieae are the dorsally compressed cypsellas which are surrounded by scales (orpaleae).[1]
S. maculatus is an annual of up to 1½ m high, there are more than five leaflike bracts subtending each globose cluster of flowerheads, and these bracts are pinnately divided. The yellow florets carry some black hairs. The cypselas do not have pappus at their top (but are encased by the paleae). The spined wings along the stems are uninterrupted. Leaves have a whitish vein along their margin.
S. grandiflorus is an annual or biennial of up to ¾ m high with one, two or three leaflike bracts subtending each cluster of flowerheads and these are spiny dentate. The yellow to orange florets do not have black hairs. The cypselas are topped by three to seven bristles of smooth pappus hairs (and are encased by the paleae). The spined wings along the stems are uninterrupted.
S. hispanicus is an annual, biennial or perennial of up to 1¾ m high and it also has one, two or three spiny dentate leaflike bracts subtending each cluster of flowerheads and the yellow, orange or white florets also lack black hairs. The cypselas however are topped by two to five bristles of scabrous pappus hairs (and are encased by the paleae). In this species the spined wings along the stems are interrupted.[1]
In 1576Carolus Clusius describesScolimus Theophrasti (=S. hispanicus). In 1601 he extends the genus to three taxa,Scolymus Theophrasti Hispan. (=S. hispanicus subsp.hispanicus),S. Theophrasti Narbonensis (=S. maculatus), andScolymus Dioscor. Castos Theophrasti (=S. grandiflorus).Rembert Dodoens in 1583 andFrancesco Cupani in 1713 introduce the nameCarduus Chrysanthemus (forS. maculatus), while inJohann Bauhin’s posthumously published great work,Historia plantarum universalis (1650-51), it is calledSpina lutea, andRobert Morison in 1699 referred toS. hispanicus asCichorium luteum.[1] Since all of these names predate the start of theLinnean nomenclature in 1753, neither of these werevalid. In 1753Carl Linnaeus referred to the descriptionJoseph Pitton de Tournefort made in 1700, providing the valid scientific nameScolymus.[1]
Generally two sections are recognised.
According to recent genetic analyses, the genusScolymus is related to the generaHymenonema,Catananche andGundelia. This results in the following relationship tree.[4]
| subtribe Scolyminae | |
The genus nameScolymus derives from the Greek σχόλυμος (skolymus) meaning "artichoke".Pliny used this name forScolymus hispanicus. The species namehispanicus is Latin and means "from Spain", whilemaculatus is Latin and means "spotted", andgrandiflorus is also Latin and means "large-flowered".[5]
Scolymus hispanicus it said to grow in the centre of Spain along roads and paths, particularly in unstable, loose and poor soils. The also grow in arable lands, both cultivated and fallowed, and in pastures.[6] The florets are pollinated by insects.[7]
Around the Mediterranean, such as in Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Italy, Greece, Cyprus and Turkey, themidveins of the rosette leaves ofS. hispanicus, known in Spain as cardillo or tagarnina, are used as a popular wild food. It is generally gathered in April and May. These midveins are preboiled and lightly fried with garlic in olive oil. These serve as garnish forcocido. Fried cardillo is further combined with garlic, cured ham, and hard-boiled or scrambled eggs. Midveins are also used raw in salads. The roots are cooked and eaten, and compare in taste to salsify. Roasted roots have been used as a coffee substitute. Florets have been used as imitation saffron.[6][8][9][10]
The root bark ofS. hispanicus has been shown to contain thetriterpenoid taraxasteryl acetate, and this substance is effective insuppressing spasms. In Turkey it is a component of a herbal elixir called lityazol çemil.[11]
Studies have indicated thatScolymus might be used for the bio-removal of cadmium, with the highest concentration measured over 50 μg/g dry weight, and ofmethylene blue andEriochrome Black T.[12][13]