| Scimitar oryx | |
|---|---|
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| Adult at theTaronga Zoo | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Subfamily: | Hippotraginae |
| Genus: | Oryx |
| Species: | O. dammah |
| Binomial name | |
| Oryx dammah (Cretzschmar, 1827) | |
| Synonyms | |
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Thescimitar oryx (Oryx dammah), also known as thescimitar-horned oryx and theSahara oryx, is anOryx species that was once widespread acrossNorth Africa and parts ofWest Africa andCentral Africa. In 2000, it was declaredextinct in the wild on theIUCN Red List, but in 2023 it was downlisted to endangered, with a reintroduced population inChad.[1] This particular oryx is adapted to harshdesert conditions and can survive for months or even years without drinking water. A grazing animal, it derives most of its daily moisture intake from plants.
The decline of the scimitar oryx population began as a result of climate change during theNeolithic period, and later it was hunted extensively for its horns. Today, it is bred in captivity in special reserves inTunisia,Morocco, andSenegal, and on private exotic animal ranches in theTexas Hill Country, United States. In 2016, areintroduction program was launched and currently a small herd has been successfully reintroduced inChad.[2]
The scimitar oryx was the emblem of the ancient EgyptianOryx nome and today is the animal symbol of theSahara Conservation Fund.
The scimitar oryx is a member of the genusOryx and the familyBovidae. German naturalistLorenz Oken firstdescribed it in 1816, naming itOryx algazel. Thenomenclature has undergone various changes since then, with the introduction of names such asOryx tao,O. leucoryx,O. damma,O. dammah,O. bezoarticus, andO. ensicornis. In 1826,Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar used the nameOryx ammah for the species. A year later, the nameOryx leucoryx came into use, but as this was a synonym of the Arabian oryx (then calledOryx beatrix), it was abandoned, andOryx algazel was accepted once more. Over 100 years later in 1951,Sir John Ellerman andTerence Morrison-Scott found that the nameOryx algazel was also ineligible for use. Finally, in January 1956, the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature acceptedOryx dammah as the scientific name. No more changes have been made since then, though many papers published after 1956 created confusion by using names such asO. gazella tao.[3]
Its scientific name,Oryx dammah, is derived from:Ancient Greekὄρυξ (orux), meaning agazelle or antelope (originally a pickaxe[4]);Latindamma (fallow deer or antelope); andArabicdammar (sheep).[5] The scimitar oryx is named for itshorns,[6] which resemblescimitars.[5] Its common name in English is "scimitar-horned oryx", or simply "scimitar oryx".[3]
The scimitar oryx has 58chromosomes - one pair of largesubmetacentricautosomes and 27acrocentric autosomal pairs. TheX andY chromosomes are the largest and smallest acrocentrics.[7] The first molecular study of this species (published in 2007) observed genetic diversity among European, North American, and some other captive groups. Divergence was found within the mitochondrial DNAhaplotypes, and was estimated to have taken place between 2.1 and 2.7 million years ago. Population increases occurred about 1.2 and 0.5 million years ago.[8]
In another study, intended to note genetic differences betweenOryx species,karyotypes ofOryx species and subspecies – namelyO. gazella,O. b. beisa,O. b. callotis,O. dammah, andO. leucoryx – were compared with the standard karyotype ofBos taurus. The number of autosomes in all karyotypes was 58. The X and Y chromosomes were conserved in all five species.[9]
The scimitar oryx is a straight-horned antelope that stands just over 1 m (3.3 ft) at the shoulder. The males weigh 140–210 kg (310–460 lb) and the females 91–140 kg (201–309 lb).[10] The body measures 140–240 cm (55–94 in) from the head to the base of the tail. The tail is 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long and ends with a tuft. They are sexually dimorphic with males being larger than females.[11]
Itscoat is white with a red-brown chest and black markings on the forehead and down the length of the nose.[5] The coat reflects the sun's rays, while the black portions and the tip of the tongue provide protection againstsunburn.[12][13] The white coat helps to reflect the heat of the desert.[14] Calves are born with yellow coats and lack distinguishing marks, which appear later in life.[15] Their pelage changes to adult coloration at 3–12 months old.[12]
Both male and female oryxes have horns, with the females' being more slender.[15] The horns are long, thin, and symmetrical, and curve backward (a distinctive feature of this species); they can reach 1.0 to 1.2 m (3 ft 3 in to 3 ft 11 in) in both sexes. The hollow walls of the horns are so thin that they can easily break.[5] The female's udder has fourteats. The large, spreadinghooves are well adapted to allow these antelopes to walk on the sand of their dry habitats.[6] A scimitar oryx can live as long as 20 years.[5][14][16] AtSmithsonian National Zoo, a female oryx died at 21, an exceptional age since females generally have a lifespan of about 15 years.[17]
The scimitar oryx can be infected withcryptosporidiosis, aparasitic disease caused byprotozoan parasites of the genusCryptosporidium in the phylumApicomplexa. A study in 2004 revealed thatC. parvum or similar organisms infected 155 mammal species, including the scimitar oryx.[18] An analysis in 2005 foundCryptosporidium parasites in stool samples from 100 mammals, including the scimitar oryx.[19]Oocysts of a new parasite,Eimeria oryxae, have been discovered in the feces of a scimitar oryx from Zoo Garden inRiyadh.[20] In France,Streptococcus uberis was isolated for the first time in an oryx. It had caused vegetativeendocarditis in the animal, leading to fatal congestiveheart failure.[21]
The scimitar oryx was a very sociable animal and traveled in herds of two to 40 individuals, generally, led by adominant bull. This species once gathered in groups of several thousand formigration. During the wet season, they migrated north into theSahara.[15] Scimitar oryx arediurnal. In the cool early mornings and evenings, they rest under trees and shrubs, or if neither is available, they dig depressions in the soil with their hooves and rest there. Males fight often, but not for long and not violently. Predators, such as lions, leopards, hyenas, cheetahs, golden jackals, vultures, and Cape hunting dogs, mostly kill weak and young oryx.[3][5]
With a metabolism that functions at the high temperatures prevalent in their habitats, scimitar oryxes need less water for evaporation to help conduct heat away from the body, enabling them to go for long periods without water. They can allow their body temperatures to rise to almost 46.5 °C (115.7 °F) before beginning to perspire.[6] In times of ample supply, oryx can use fluid loss through urination and feces to lower their body temperatures to below 36 °C (97 °F) at night, giving more time before reaching maximum body temperature the following day.[15] They can tolerate high temperatures that would be lethal to most mammals. They have a network of fine blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to the brain, passing close to the nasal passage, thus allowing the blood to cool by up to 3 °C (5 °F) before reaching the brain, which is one of the more heat-sensitive organs of the body.[14][15]
The habitat of the scimitar oryx in the wild was steppe and desert, where they ate foliage, grass, herbs, shrubs, succulent plants, legumes, juicy roots, buds, and fruit.[15] They can survive without water for 9-10 months because their kidneys prevent water loss from urination – an adaptation to desert habitats. They can get water from water-rich plants such as the wild melon (Citrullus colocynthis) andIndigofera oblongifolia and from the leafless twigs ofCapparis decidua. In the night or early morning, they often search for plants such asIndigofera colutea, which produce ahygroscopic secretion that fulfills water requirements. They eat tuft grasses such asCymbopogon schoenanthus after rains, but they normally prefer more palatable grasses, such asCenchrus biflorus,Panicum laetum, andDactyloctenium aegyptium. When the dry season begins, they feed on the seedpods ofAcacia raddiana, and during the dry season, they rely onperennial grasses of genera such asPanicum (especiallyPanicum turgidum) andAristida, and browse plants such asLeptadenia species,Cassia italica, andCornulaca monacantha.[3]
Both males and females reachsexual maturity at 18-24 months of age.[5] Births peak between March and October.[5] Mating frequency is greater when environmental conditions are favorable. In zoos, males are sexually most active in autumn.[3] Theestrous cycle lasts roughly 24 days, and females experience ananovulatory period in spring. Periods between births are less than 332 days, showing that the scimitar oryx ispolyestrous.[22]
Courting is done by means of a mating circle; the male and female stand parallel to one another, facing in opposite directions, and then circle around each other until the female allows the male to mount from behind. If the female is not ready to mate, she runs away and circles in the reverse direction.[15] Copulation is completed in about 10 seconds. Females mate again during theirpostpartum estrus; thus, they can produce one calf a year.[12]Gestation lasts about nine months, after which a single calf is born, weighing 10–15 kg (22–33 lb).[15] Twin births are very rare - only 0.7% of the births observed in one study. The mother returns to the herd while the calf hides out at some distance from the herd. The female separates herself from the herd for a few hours while she nurses the calf and cleans the calf as it defecates. Weaning starts at 3.5 months, and the young become fully independent around 14 weeks old.[6]
The scimitar oryx once inhabited grassy steppes, semideserts[15] and deserts in a narrow strip of central north Africa (especially inNiger and Chad).[6] It was widespread on the fringes of the Sahara, mainly in subdesert steppe, the grassy zone between the real desert and theSahel, an area characterized by an annual rainfall of 75–150 mm (3.0–5.9 in). In 1936, a single herd of 10,000 scimitar oryxes was seen in the steppe area of Chad. By the mid-1970s, Chad was home to more than 95% of the world population of this species.[23]
Following theNeolithic Subpluvial, around 7500 to 3500 BC, the "green Sahara" became dry and the scimitar oryx's population began to decline due to a loss of suitable habitat. This was further exacerbated by humans who hunted the scimitar oryx for both its meat and horns. The northern population was already almost lost before the 20th century. With the introduction of horses and firearms during the 20th century, nomadic hunters were able to decimate populations.[24] The decline of the southern population accelerated as Europeans began to settle the area and hunt them for meat, hides, and horn trophies.French involvement in World War II[24] and thecivil war in Chad that started in the 1960s are thought to have caused heavy decreases of the species through an increase in hunting for food.[6][25]Roadkill, nomadic settlements near watering holes (the oryx's dry-season feeding places), and introduction of cattle and firearms for easy hunting have also reduced numbers.[24][26]
The IUCN lists the scimitar oryx as extirpated inAlgeria,Burkina Faso, Chad,Egypt,Libya,Mali,Mauritania,Morocco, Niger,Nigeria,Senegal,Sudan,Tunisia, andWestern Sahara, and has assessed it as extinct in the wild since 2000. Reports of sightings in Chad and Niger remain unsubstantiated, despite extensive surveys carried out throughout Chad and Niger from 2001 to 2004 in an effort to detect antelopes in the Sahel and the Sahara. At least until 1985, 500 scimitar oryxes were estimated to be surviving in Chad and Niger, but by 1988, only a few individuals survived in the wild.[1]
A global captive-breeding program now exists for the scimitar oryx.[27] In 2015, about 1,750 captives were managed as part of breeding programs; at the program's peak, up to 11,000 were kept in Texas farms and 4,000 were held in theArab states of the Persian Gulf.[1] Reintroduction plans involve fenced-in herds inBou-Hedma National Park (1985),[28]Sidi Toui National Park (1999) andOued Dekouk National Park (1999) inTunisia;Souss-Massa National Park (1995) in Morocco; andFerlo Faunal Reserve (1998) andGuembeul Wildlife Reserve (1999) in Senegal.[1]
Chad is currently leading a project to reintroduce the species inOuadi Rimé-Ouadi Achim Game Reserve, with the support of theSahara Conservation Fund and theEnvironment Agency of Abu Dhabi.[29][30] At 78,000 km2 - equivalent to the size of Scotland - Ouadi Rimé Ouadi Achim is one of the world's largest protected areas.[31] The first group was released at the beginning of 2016 in an acclimation enclosure and then fully released in the wild in the rainy season.[2] That group was made of 21 animals, which by the beginning of 2017 had already produced a calf, the first birth in the wild for more than 20 years.[31] A second group comprising six males and eight females was placed in the acclimation enclosure on 21 January 2017.[31] A captive bred group was released into an acclimation enclosure within the Ouadi Rimé-Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve in 2016, thenreintroduced into the wild. An additional 21 individuals were released into the acclimation enclosure in 2017. The first ones to be relocated were released into the wild in 2016 and have adapted well to their surroundings. In 2017, another herd of 75 scimitar-horned oryxes arrived in an operation led by Chad's Ministry of Environment and Fisheries and theSahara Conservation Fund. In 2021, 60 new calves were born, bringing the number in the wild to about 400.
The Marwell Zoo in Hampshire and the Edinburgh Zoo have also worked in partnership with ZSL to help reintroduce captive-bred scimitar oryx to their former natural ranges.[32] The Tunisian reintroductions began in 1985 with 10 scimitar oryx from the Marwell and Edinburgh Zoos (co-ordinated by ZSL). In 1999 and 2007, Marwell co-ordinated the release of scimitar oryx into three more protected areas within their former historic range.
In ancient Egypt, scimitar oryxes were domesticated or tamed, possibly to be used as offerings for religious ceremonies or as food. They were calledran and bred in captivity. In ancient Rome, they were kept in paddocks and used forcoursing, and wealthy Romans ate them. The scimitar oryx was the preferred quarry of Sahelo-Saharan hunters. Its hide is considered high-quality, and the king ofRio de Oro sent 1,000 shields made of it to a contemporary in theMiddle Ages. Since then, it has been used to make ropes, harnesses, and saddlery.[3]: 12-13
The myth of the one-hornedunicorn may have originated from sightings of injured scimitar oryxes;Aristotle andPliny the Elder held that the oryx was the unicorn's "prototype".[33] From certain angles, the oryx may seem to have one horn rather than two,[34][35] and given that its horns are made from hollow bone that cannot be regrown, if a scimitar oryx were to lose one of its horns, for the rest of its life it would have only one.[33]
In 2015, Yellow Nose, a scimitar oryx that lives in Portland, Oregon, escaped and startled hikers in Forest Park.[36] The following day, he was caught and returned home.[37]
