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Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission
Part ofOperation Pointblank
1st Bomb Wing B-17s over Schweinfurt, Germany
Date August 17, 1943 Location Schweinfurt andRegensburg, Germany Result German victory
Belligerents
United States United Kingdom	Nazi Germany
Commanders and leaders
Curtis LeMay Robert B. Williams	Adolf Galland
Units involved
Eighth Air Force RAF Fighter Command	Luftwaffe
Strength
376B-17 heavy bombers 268P-47 fightersorties 191Spitfire fighter sorties	Approx. 400Bf 109,Bf 110,Fw 190 and other fighters
Casualties and losses
60 bombers, 3 P-47s, and 2 Spitfires lost 58-95 bombers heavily damaged[note 1][1][2][3][4] 7 aircrewKIA and 21WIA aboard returning aircraft 557 aircrewMIA orPOW	25–27 fighters[1][2][3] 203 civilians killed

TheSchweinfurt–Regensburg mission was astrategic bombing mission during World War II carried out byBoeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers of theUS Army Air Forces on August 17, 1943. The mission was an ambitious plan to cripple theGerman aircraft industry; it was also known as the "double-strike mission" because it entailed two large forces of bombers attacking separate targets in order to dispersefighter reaction by theLuftwaffe. It was also the first Americanshuttle mission, in which all or part of a mission landed at a different field and later bombed another target before returning to its base.

After being postponed several times by unfavorable weather, the operation, known within the Eighth Air Force as "Mission No. 84", was flown on the anniversary of thefirst daylight raid by the Eighth Air Force.^[5]

Mission No. 84 was a strike by 376 bombers of 16 bomb groups against Germanheavy industry well beyond the range of escorting fighters. The mission inflicted heavy damage on the Regensburg target, but at catastrophic loss to the force, with 60 bombers lost and many more damaged beyond economical repair. As a result, the Eighth Air Force was unable to follow up immediately with a second attack that might have seriously crippled German industry. WhenSchweinfurt wasattacked again two months later, the lack of long-range fighter escort had still not been addressed and losses were even higher. As a consequence, deep penetration strategic bombing was curtailed for five months.

As soon as the reconnaissance photographs were received on the evening of the 17th, Generals Eaker and Anderson knew that the Schweinfurt raid had been a failure. The excellent results at Regensburg were small consolation for the loss of 60 B-17s. The results of the bombing were exaggerated, and the high losses were well disguised in after-mission reports. Everyone who flew the mission stressed the importance of the escorts in reducing losses; the planners grasped only that Schweinfurt would have to be bombed again, soon, in another deep-penetration, unescorted mission.^[6]

Because of diversions of groups to theinvasion of North Africa, the bomber force in England had been limited in size to four groups ofB-17s and two ofB-24s until May 1943. At that time, and in conjunction with thePointblank Directive to destroy the Luftwaffe in preparation forOperation Overlord, the B-17 force had expanded fourfold and was organized into the 1st and 3rd Bombardment Wings, which due to their large size were soon re-designated Bomb Divisions. The 1st Bombardment Wing, which included all of the original B-17 groups, was based in theEnglish Midlands while the 3rd Bombardment Wing stations were located inEast Anglia.

Pointblank operations in April and July 1943 had concentrated solely on the production of theFw 190 at factories inBremen,Kassel, andOschersleben, and although serious losses to the bomber forces had occurred, the attacks had been successful enough to warrant attacking those manufacturingMesserschmitt Bf 109s.

The production ofBf 109s (and almost half of all German fighters) was located inRegensburg and inWiener Neustadt, Austria. To attack these in sufficient force, "Operation Juggler" was conceived,^[7] in which the fighter production plants in Wiener Neustadt were targeted for attack byB-24 Liberators of theNinth Air Force based inLibya, and Regensburg by B-17s of theEighth Air Force. The original mission date of August 7 could not be met because of bad weather, and the B-24s flew Operation Juggler on August 13 without participation by the Eighth Air Force, which was still hampered by unacceptable weather conditions.

To successfully complete its portion of the attack, the Eighth Air Force decided to attack a target in central Germany as well as Regensburg to divide and confuse German air defenses.^[8][9][10] The 3rd Bombardment Wing, using B-17s equipped with "Tokyo (fuel) tanks" for longer range, would attack theMesserschmitt Bf 109 plants in Regensburg and then fly on to bases inBône, Berteaux and Telergma (French Algeria).^[11]

The 1st Bombardment Wing, following it, would turn northeast and bomb the ball-bearing factories of Schweinfurt, where almost the entire production of bearings was centralized, and by doing so catch German fighter aircraft on the ground re-arming and refueling. Because of limited range thanks to inexplicably not employingdrop tanks,^[12] escortingP-47 Thunderbolt fighters would be able to protect the bombers only as far asEupen, Belgium, which was roughly an hour's flying time from both of the targets.^[13]

Two supporting attacks were also made a part of the overall mission plan. The first, adiversionary attack, involved the bombing of three locations along the French and Dutch coast: the German airfields atBryas-Sud andMarck by AmericanB-26 Marauder andRoyal Air ForceMitchell medium bombers, and themarshalling yards atDunkirk by other Mitchells, all timed to coincide with the Regensburg strike.^[14]

The second was a series of attacks on Luftwaffe fighter fields atPoix,Lille-Vendeville, andWoensdrecht byHawker Typhoons of the RAF simultaneous with the diversionary attack, and Poix by two groups of B-26s in the afternoon as the Schweinfurt force was returning.

Donald Miller states: "LeMay's force was expected to take the brunt of the German counteroffensive, allowing the Schweinfurt armada to proceed to the target with only light resistance. With LeMay escaping over the Alps, the Schweinfurt force would be left to face the full fury of the Luftwaffe on its return to England. The plan was brutally simple: LeMay would fight his way in and Williams would fight his way out."^[9]

Eighth Air Force bomber operations were calculated with one to two hours of climb and assembly into formations factored into mission lengths. In addition, the mission length for the Regensburg force was anticipated to be of eleven hours' duration, so that commanders had only a 90-minute "window" in which to launch the mission and still allow the 3rd Bombardment Wing B-17s to reach North Africa in daylight. Mission 84 planning indicated a takeoff window from dawn, approximately 06:30British Double Summer Time, to approximately 08:00 without cancelling the mission.

At dawn of August 17, after airmen had gone to their airplanes, England was covered in fog. The mission takeoff was delayed until 08:00, when the fog had cleared sufficiently over East Anglia to allow the 4th Bombardment Wing to take off using instruments, a technique they had practiced. Although attacking both targets simultaneously was deemed critical to success of the mission without prohibitive loss, the Regensburg force was ordered to take off, even though the 1st Bombardment Wing remained grounded at its bases by the adverse weather.

By the time the fog had sufficiently cleared over the Midlands, the Regensburg force had already reached the coast of the Netherlands, which indicated that reacting German fighters would have sufficient time to land, replenish, and attack the second task force. Consequently, the launch of the Schweinfurt force was further delayed to allow US escort fighters sufficient time to return to base to rearm for a second escort mission. In all the 1st Wing was delayed more than three hours behind the 3rd Wing.

The Regensburg task force was led by the 3rd Bombardment Wing commander,ColonelCurtis E. LeMay. This mission would make LeMay's name as a combat leader. The task force consisted of seven B-17 groups totaling 146 aircraft, each group but one flying in a 21-aircraftcombat boxtactical formation. The groups were organized into three larger formations termed "provisional combatwings." Three groups in aVee formation wing box led the procession, followed by two wing boxes of two groups each inechelon formation, with one group leading and the second trailing at a lower altitude. The groups flying at lower altitudes included the 388th, 100th,^[15] 381st and 303rd.^[16]

Approximately fifteen minutes after it crossed the coast at 10:00, the Regensburg force encountered the first German fighter interception, which continued with growing intensity nearly all the way to the target area. Several factors weighed against the Regensburg force in this air battle. The arrangement of two groups instead of three in the two following provisional wings meant a third fewer guns available to each for their mutual defense and made them more likely targets. The overall length of the task force was too great for effective fighter support.

The last wing formation of bombers was fifteen miles behind the first and nearly out of visual range. Of the two groups of P-47s (87 aircraft) tasked to escort the force to the German border, only one arrived at the rendezvous point on time, covering only the lead wing, and the second arrived fifteen minutes late. Both P-47 groups were forced to turn back to base after only fifteen minutes of escort duty, without engaging any German interceptors. The last provisional wing in the task force was left without any fighter protection at all.

After ninety minutes of combat the German fighter force broke off the engagement, low on fuel and ammunition. By then at least 15 bombers had been shot down or fatally damaged, 13 from the trailing formation.anti-aircraft fire ("flak") was light over Regensburg and visibility clear, and of the remaining 131 bombers, 126 dropped 298.75 tons of bombs on the fighter aircraft factories with a high degree of accuracy at 11:43 British time.

The Regensburg force then turned south to cross theAlps, confronted by only a few twin-engined fighters, soon forced to disengage by lack of range. The German force had not been prepared for this contingency, but they were in the process of re-arming to meet the Schweinfurt force, then forming overEast Anglia. Two damaged B-17s turned away from the Regensburg task force and landed inneutral Switzerland, where their crews wereinterned and the bombers confiscated. Colonel LeMay ordered the formation to perform two 10-minute turns over Switzerland, allowing damaged aircraft to rejoin the formation before flying to North Africa. Another crash-landed in Italy and five more were forced down by lack of fuel into the Mediterranean Sea. In all 24 bombers were lost. More than 60 of the 122 surviving aircraft landing inTunisia had suffered battle damage.

The 1st Bombardment Wing, commanded byBrigadier GeneralRobert B. Williams, was made up of nine B-17 groups. Previously, because of this large number of groups, "provisional combat bomb wings" had been formed in April to control the groups tactically during large missions. To achieve a "maximum effort" against Schweinfurt, the 1st Bomb Wing, with sufficient aircraft and crews to employ four wing-sized boxes, formed provisional groups as well as wings, accomplished by eight groups providing a squadron or spare aircraft to form the "composite groups" needed to form a fourth combat wing.^[19]

The Schweinfurt force had 230 bombers, comprising 12 groups, divided into two task forces, each with two wings. Each wing was composed of a three group formation, and was more than twenty miles in length. Williams personally led the mission, flying as co-pilot in an aircraft of the lead formation, as wingman to the commander of the91st Bomb Group.^[19]

The Schweinfurt task forces followed the same route as the Regensburg force. Because of the delayed start of the mission, eight squadrons ofRAFSpitfire fighters (96 aircraft) from11 Group and83 Group had been added to escort the Schweinfurt force as far asAntwerp, where P-47s would take over and escort it to Eupen.^{[citation needed]} The field order for the mission specified that the B-17s would fly at altitudes between 23,000 and 26,500 feet (7,000–8,000 m), but approaching the coast of the Netherlands at 13:30, it was confronted with developing cloud masses not present earlier in the day.^{[citation needed]} The commander of the first task force estimated that the bombers would not be able to climb over the clouds and elected to fly under them at 17,000 feet (5,000 m), increasing the vulnerability of the bombers to fighter attacks.^{[citation needed]}

The first German attacks began almost immediately and employed different tactics from the morning mission. The lead wing was attacked continuously in head-on attacks by bothMesserschmitt Bf 109 andFocke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters, and although the RAF escorts claimed eight victories they were forced to return to base early in the engagement. The two groups of P-47s (88 aircraft) arrived five and eight minutes late, and despite some individual combats, they too were forced to break off virtually as soon as they arrived.^{[citation needed]}

Inside German airspace, theBf 109 G-6 fighters of 5Staffel/JG 11, which had pioneered the fitment of theWerfer-Granate 21 unguided air-to-air rocket weapon system to the Luftwaffe's single engine day fighter force the previous day, as well as the similarly armed rocket-launching twin-enginedBf 110Zerstörerheavy fighters, includingnight fighters, joined the battle as more than 300 fighters from 24 bases opposed the raid. At 14:36 the force diverged from the morning's route atWorms, Germany, alerting the German defenders that the target was Schweinfurt.^[20]

Losses among the 57 B-17s of the lead wing were so severe that many among its airmen considered the possibility that the wing might be annihilated before reaching the target. However, 15 miles from Schweinfurt, the opposing fighters, after shooting down 22 bombers, disengaged and landed to refuel and re-arm in order to attack the force on its way out. Five miles from Schweinfurt, German anti-aircraft guns began firing an effective flak barrage into the path of the bomber force.^[20]

At 14:57 approximately 40 B-17s remained of the lead wing, when it dropped its bombs on the target area containing five factories and 30,000 workers, followed over a 24-minute span by the remainder of the force. Each wing found increasingly heavy smoke from preceding bomb explosions a hindrance to accuracy. 183 bombers dropped 424.3 tons of bombs, including 125 tons ofincendiary bombs.^[21]

Three B-17s were shot down by flak over Schweinfurt. Fifteen minutes after leaving the target, each task force circled over the town ofMeiningen to reassemble its formations, then continued west towardBrussels. At approximately 15:30, German fighters renewed their attacks, concentrating now on damaged bombers. Between 16:20 and 17:00 a covering force of 93 P-47s and 95 Spitfires^{[note 3]} arrived to provide withdrawal support, claiming 21 fighters shot down. Eight more bombers were lost before the force reached the North Sea, where three more crash-landed. The Schweinfurt force lost a total of 36 bombers.^[22][23]

The Americans listed 55 of their bombers with 552 crewmen as missing after the August 17 double-target mission. About half of those becameprisoners of war of the Germans and 20 were interned in Switzerland. Sixty aircraft were lost over German-controlled territory, in Switzerland, or ditched at sea, with five crews rescued. Seven aircrew were killed aboard bombers returning to base having completed the mission, and twenty-one were wounded.

The 60 aircraft lost on a single mission more than doubled the highest previous loss at that time. There were also 55 to 95 additional aircraft badly damaged. Of those damaged, many were stranded in North Africa and never repaired.^[1][2][4] ThreeP-47 Thunderbolts of the56th Fighter Group and twoRAF Spitfires were shot down attempting to protect the Schweinfurt force.^{[citation needed]}

Spitfire pilots claimed 13 German fighters shot down and P-47 pilots claimed 19.^{[22][note 4][note 5]} Gunners on the bombers claimed 288 fighters shot down,^{[26][note 6]} but Luftwaffe records showed only 25 to 27 were lost.^[1][2][3]

In Regensburg, all six main workshops of the Messerschmitt factory were destroyed or severely damaged, as were many supporting structures including the final assembly shop. In Schweinfurt, the destruction was less severe but still extensive. The two largest factories,Kugelfischer & Company andVereinigte Kugellager Fabrik I, suffered 80 direct hits.^[28] 35,000 m² (380,000 square feet) of buildings in the five factories were destroyed, and more than 100,000 m² (1,000,000 square feet) suffered fire damage.^[29] All the factories exceptKugelfischer had extensive fire damage to machinery when incendiaries ignited the machine oil used in the manufacturing process.^[30]

Albert Speer reported an immediate 34 percent loss of production,^{[31][note 7]} but both the production shortfall and the actual loss of bearings were made up for by extensive surpluses found throughout Germany in the aftermath of the raid. The industry's infrastructure, while vulnerable to a sustained campaign, was not vulnerable to destruction by a single raid. Speer indicated that the two major flaws made by the USAAF in the August strike were first in dividing their force instead of all striking the ball-bearing plants, and second, failing to follow up the first strike with repeated attacks.^[33][4][34]

203 civilians were also killed in the strike.^{[note 8]} While the battle resulted in a German victory, the scale and range of the American operation, along with the British-ledOperation Hydra (1943) in the same day, shocked the German air command; the stress contributed to the suicide of Luftwaffe Chief of StaffHans Jeschonnek the next day.

The Schweinfurt mission in particular foretold the failure of deep penetration raids of Germany without adequate long-range escort. The 1st Bomb Wing was over German-occupied territory for three hours and thirty minutes, of which two hours and ten minutes, including all of the time spent over Germany itself, saw no fighter support whatsoever. When thesecond attack on Schweinfurt came on October 14, the loss of more than 20% of the attacking force (60 out of 291 B-17s) resulted in the suspension of deep raids for five months.

• The mission was enshrined in fiction as the "Hambrucken raid" inBeirne Lay andSy Bartlett's novel,Twelve O'Clock High. It provides a reasonably accurate view of the thinking behind the planners' intention and the decisions that led to the abandonment of the goal of launching a double strike in such a way that the second strike would meet no aerial opposition; and of the action in the air itself.
• It is also cited as a failure of theBomber Mafia's precision bombing doctrine, inthe book by the same name by Canadian journalistMalcolm Gladwell.
• The Schweinfurt portion of the mission also formed the framework for the novelThe War Lover, byJohn Hersey.
• In the early 1990s, the raid was depicted for the first time in a video game, as a playable mission inSecret Weapons of the Luftwaffe.
• In February 2024, the raid was depicted in Episode 3 ofMasters of the Air on Apple TV+.

• Maj.Gen. Haywood S. Hansell, Jr., "Balaklava Redeemed",Air University Review, 1974Archived 2013-02-25 at theWayback Machine, a detailed analysis of the concept and leaders by a World War II strategic bombing planner
• "Bombing of Schweinfurt," from the Third Reich in Ruins webpage by Geoff Walden – then-and-now photos of the bombing of Schweinfurt.
• "Reality... Remembering Scheinfurt" by Wally HoffmanArchived 2010-01-27 at theWayback Machine – a first hand account of the bombing raids over Schweinfurt by a member of the 8th Air Force.

• Aerial operations and battles of World War II
• Conflicts in 1943
• 1943 in Germany
• Messerschmitt
• History of Regensburg
• Rolling-element bearings
• Bavaria in World War II
• Schweinfurt
• World War II strategic bombing conducted by the United States
• August 1943 in Europe

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