| Savu | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Lesser Sunda Islands,Indonesia |
| Linguistic classification | Unclear, perhapsAustronesian |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | hawu1234 |
 | |
TheSavu languages,Hawu andDhao, are spoken onSavu andNdao Islands inEast Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
Cappell (1975) noted a large amount of non-Austronesian vocabulary and grammatical features in theCentral Malayo-Polynesian languages ofEast Nusa Tenggara andMaluku, notably in Hawu. While he generally spoke of a non-Austronesiansubstratum, Hawu is so divergent from Austronesian norms that he classified it (and Dhao) as a non-Austronesian language. He says,
Hawu also has a large AN [Austronesian] vocabulary, including the pronouns, and a couple of grammatical features, principally the stative prefix ma- and the causative pa- ... However, it contains no other AN grammatical features at all, and while being quite NAN [non-Austronesian], its grammar does not fall into line with the AT [Alor-Timor] languages, but is of an independent type. The right evaluation is therefore that Hawu is NAN, with a very heavy overlay of Indonesian AN vocabulary. (p. 683)
However, it is now generally accepted that Savu is no more divergent than the other Central Malayo-Polynesian languages, all of which display a non-Austronesian component that defines Melanesian languages.
The Savu languages have the same vowels and stress rules. They shareimplosive (or perhapspre-glottalized) consonants with theBima–Sumba languages and with languages ofFlores andSulawesi further north, suchWolio, and languages of Flores such asNgad'a have rather similar lengthening of consonants after schwa. Dhao has the larger inventory, but even where the languages have the same consonants, there is often not a one-to-one correspondence. Apart from Hawu/v/, Dhao is more conservative. Hawu *s, *c shifted to/h/ in historical times. Non-obvious correlations are:
| Dhao | Hawu | example | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| tʃ | h | tʃaʔe ~haʔe | climb |
| s | h | risi ~rihi | more |
| h | h | həba ~həɓa | mouth |
| h | v | hahi ~vavi | pig |
| ɖʐ | d | maɖʐe ~made | dead |
| d | ɗ | məda ~məɗa | niɡht |
| ɗ | ɗ | loɗo | sun, day |
| bβ | b | bβəni ~bəni | woman |
| b | ɓ | həba ~həɓa | mouth |
| ɓ | ɓ | saɓa ~haɓa (?) | effort |
| #dʒ | #ʄ, #j | dʒaʔa ~ʄaa/jaa | I, me |
| .dʒ | .dʒ | padʒuu ~pedʒuu (?) | command |
| ʄ | ʄ | aʄu | tree |
For initial/dʒ/ in Dhao, there is dialectical variation between/ʄ/ and/j/ in Hawu. Most other consonants have a one-to-one correspondence, but a few (such as/ɓ/,/ɡ/, and non-initial/dʒ/) are not well-enough attested to be certain.
Independent personal pronouns are similar.
| Dhao | Hawu | |
|---|---|---|
| I | dʒaʔa | ʄaa (jaa,dʒoo) |
| thou | əu | əu (au,ou) |
| s/he | nəŋu | noo |
| we (incl) | əɖʐi | dii |
| we (excl) | dʒiʔi | ʄii |
| y'all | miu | muu |
| they | rəŋu | raa (naa) |
Parenthetical forms in Hawu are dialectical.