| Skeeter | |
|---|---|
 Skeeter AOP.12 of theCentral Flying School of theRoyal Air Force, 1962 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Trainer, Scout |
| Manufacturer | Saunders-Roe |
| Primary users | British Army |
| Number built | 78 + 10 prototypes |
| History | |
| Introduction date | October1956 |
| First flight | 10 October 1948 (as Cierva W.14 Skeeter) |
The Saunders-Roe Skeeter is a two-seat training and scout helicopter that was developed and produced by British manufacturerSaunders-Roe ("Saro") ofCowes andSouthampton, in theUnited Kingdom.
Work on what would become the Skeeter had been commenced by theCierva Autogiro Company as theCierva W.14. Following Saunders-Roe's takeover of Cierva's helicopter development contracts, it was decided to continue its projects, including the Skeeter. Despite an initial preference for the rivalFairey Ultra-light Helicopter, which had already been ordered, there was a reversal of fortune with interest from theBundeswehr in the potential procurement of a large number of Skeeters. This led to the British order for the Ultra-light Helicopter being cancelled and the Skeeter effectively taking its place, which also served to guarantee an export order fromGermany.
During the late 1950s, the Skeeter entered service with the BritishArmy Air Corps, theGerman Navy, and theGerman Army. It has the distinction of being the first helicopter to be used by the Army Air Corps. While some consideration had been made to developing a version of the Skeeter powered by aturbine engine instead of apiston engine, it was decided to produce the developmentalSaro P.531 for this purpose instead of a more direct Skeeter derivative.
In the 21st century, a number of examples are preserved as museum pieces in the UK, Germany, and Poland.
In 1947, theCierva Autogiro Company commenced work on a new project, which was designated as theW.14 Skeeter. As designed, it was a relatively compact two-seat helicopter, intended to be suitable for use as both a civilian aircraft and foraerial observation duties with military customers. The original engine selected to power the Skeeter was a single 110 hpJameson FF-1 air-cooled horizontally opposedpiston engine.[1][2] On 10 October 1948, the first prototype Skeeter performed itsmaiden flight atEastleigh airfield. Initial flight trials of the prototype proved the rotorcraft to be underpowered, which was partially as a result of the experimental Jameson engine being prone to overheating. In response, the company decided to develop an improved Mark 2 Skeeter which was to be equipped with the well-establishedde Havilland Gipsy Major 10, which provided 145 hp (108 kW).[3] The Mark 2 Skeeter was a noticeably larger aircraft and had a different appearance.[4]
On 20 October 1949, the larger Skeeter Mark 2 performed its first flight.[4] Powered tests using the rotorcraft soon made it apparent that the Mark 2 suffered from severeground resonance problems. Cierva found it difficult to resolve these issues; on 26 June 1950, the Skeeter Mark 2 was destroyed during ground testing. Despite these problems, Cierva had received an order from the BritishMinistry of Supply for three improved Skeeters, a pair of Mark 3s and a single Mark 4, for evaluation purposes by theRoyal Air Force (RAF) andRoyal Navy.[5] Prior to the completion of any of these three rotorcraft, rival manufacturerSaunders-Roe completed its take over of Cierva's helicopter development contracts and took control of its facilities and development programmes in January 1951.[note 1][4]
During March 1953, theBlackburn Bombardier-engined Skeeter Mark 3B was transferred to theAeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE).[4] Subsequent testing showed that these aircraft continued to be underpowered and that the previously encountered ground resonance problems had yet to be properly resolved; these failings were cited as the reason for official support for the rotorcraft being suspended.[4] In response to the suspension, Saunders-Roe chose to undertake a lengthy series of company-funded tests, which involved the use of a specially built rig as well as more theoretical work being performed, for the purpose of identifying both the causes of and solutions to the resonance issue.[5][7]
During the early 1950s, theBritish Army became highly interested in the potential use of compacthelicopters in the observation and aerial observation roles.[8] In 1953, there was a requirement issued by the BritishMinistry of Supply which sought for a low-cost two-seat helicopter, which would be suitable for reconnaissance, casualty evacuation andtraining duties.[9] This specification was considered to be quite demanding, calling for it to be capable of high speeds and quick climb rates even under tropical conditions. The rotorcraft was also required to be transportable on the back of a standard Army three-ton truck, constricting the dimensions of the prospective vehicle considerably.[9] Further requirements for the prospective light helicopter included a flight endurance of one hour along with the potential for carrying light cargos such as fuel and tools as well as stretcher-bound wounded troops.[8] An initial request for a rear-facing observer's seat was present early on, but was discarded in later revisions. At this time, newly developedgas turbines were beginning to appeal both to helicopter designers and to prospective operators, the British Army made the use of such an engine one of its requirements.[8]
A diverse range of entries were submitted in response to the issuing of the requirement; amongst these wereFairey Aviation with itsUltra-light Helicopter which harnessedtip jet propulsion, Saunders-Roe with a smaller version of the Skeeter, theBristol Aeroplane Company's proposedType 190, aducted rotor proposal byPercival Aircraft,Short Brothers proposed the largerShort SB.8, and aram jet-powered proposal byAustrian-born helicopter pioneerRaoul Hafner.[10] In response to the detailed design submission that Fairey had produced for their proposal, the Ministry decided to award the firm a contract to produce a total of four development aircraft for demonstration and flight testing purposes; the company later decided to construct a further two more rotorcraft as a private venture.[9]
Meanwhile, a solution for the Skeeter's troublesome resonance issue had been developed, which involved the adoption of a redesigned undercarriage and the fitting of revised blade friction dampers on the rotor head. These improvements allowed Saunders-Roe to finally demonstrate that the ground resonance problems had been fixed when the Skeeter Mark 5 underwent testing by the A&AEE in March 1954.[4] The resolution of the issue served to reignite official interest in the rotorcraft, quickly leading to a smaller order being placed for four Skeeter Mark 6s, each equipped with 200 hp (149 kW) Gipsy Major 200 engines (designated asAOP.10 andT.11 by the British armed forces), for evaluation purposes.[11]
It was around this point that the British Army became more focused on the Skeeter and the addressing of its shortcomings, while the Fairey Ultra-light fell out of favour.[12] According to aviation author Derek Wood, the Skeeter had benefitted from a favourable early impression of the type that had been made upon someWest German officials; the rotorcraft had attracted the offer of a sizable military order from the German government, however, the placing of the order was on the condition that the Skeeter was in turn adopted by the British armed forces as well. Thus, the decision was taken inWhitehall to concentrate its efforts on the Skeeter, which effectively meant the abandonment of the Ministry requirement that the rival Fairey Ultra-light had been being developed towards fulfilling.[12] In 1956, Saunders-Roe finally received production orders for 64 AOP.12s, each powered by a 215 hp (160 kW) engine; production deliveries of the Skeeter commenced in 1958.[11][13]
Overall 78 Skeeters were produced, in addition to 10 prototypes.[14]
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The Saunders-Roe Skeeter is a light all-metal, two-seat single-rotor helicopter, complete with a tail rotor for torque compensation and yaw control.[15] It was intended to perform as an all-purpose rotorcraft, primarily being used for light civil work as well as aerial observation and training missions in military service. The handling characteristics were broadly similar to comparably sized rotorcraft of the era, while possessing the necessary simplicity, robustness, and reliability that commonly typified trainer aircraft.[15]
The Skeeter possessed a relatively conventional configuration for a helicopter, being powered by a singlepiston engine which drove a 29-foot (8.84 metre) three-bladed main rotor and a three-bladedanti-torque rotor, which was mounted at the end of a triangular-section tailboom.[15] The main rotor-blades made use of acomposite construction, using a steel-tubespar that was bonded to woodenveneers, formers, andribs, as well asbrass balance-weights; these reportedly delivered a cost-effective and relatively simplistic rotor blade that also possessed favourablefatigue properties. Saunders-Roe also developed a replacement metal lightalloy rotor blade that possessed superior aerodynamic properties and provided increased performance.[15] A fixedtricycle undercarriage arrangement, complete with interchangeable wheels and brake units, was also present.[1][2]
The Skeeter's crew of two were housed within an enclosed glazedperspex canopy, complete with removable doors.[16] The design of the cabin had been heavily shaped by the requirement for the Skeeter to be suited to theair observation post (AOP) role that the type had been heavily marketed towards.[15] The nose structure of the Skeeter bore the weight of the rotorcraft's equipment, payload, and crew in addition to theinertial forces present during manoeuvring and landing loads from the nose wheel. The light-alloy structure contained control access panels in the floor and abattery unit within the nose itself.[16]
Directly behind the cockpit and underneath the main rotor was the rotorcraft's engine and itsnylon bag-type fuel tank, which was housed within a welded tubular steel framework attached to the cockpit structure and to the tailboom. Power was directed to the tail rotor via a torque shaft contained within the tail cone, which featured gearing so that pilots could readily adjust the speed and direction of tail rotor movement.[15] The engine was provided with cooling air via an intake on the centre of the starboard side of the rotorcraft; for improved ventilation, the cowling around the engine area could be entirely removed. Thede Havilland Gipsy Major that was used to power the majority of Skeeters was credited with being a major contributor to the rotorcraft's relatively high fuel efficiency due to its use offuel injectors (the high aerodynamic efficiency of the airframe itself was another beneficial factor).[17]
With the limited power of the Gipsy Major, means of boosting power were investigated, including a de Havilland developed turbo-supercharger. As an alternative to the turbocharger, a rocket powered rotor boost system was developed byD. Napier & Son, fuelled byHigh Test Peroxide (HTP) decomposed at blade tip nozzles by contact with a catalyst. TheNapier N.R.E. 19 system was fitted to two Skeeter 6 helicopters (G-AMTZ andG-ANMI), re-designated asSkeeter 6 (mod) when modified.[18]
The rocket system consisted of a hemispherical HTP tank on the top of the rotor head and pipes running through the blades to catalyst chambers and rocket nozzles at each blade tip. Total thrust was 22.5 lbf (0.10 kN) thrust for 15 minutes, at a total HTP consumption rate of 1 imp gal/min (1.2 US gal/min; 4.5 L/min), boosting rotor power by 67 shp (50 kW) and increasing vertical climb rate considerably. Total weight of the system was under 30 lb (14 kg).[18][19]
Flight trials proved the system to work as advertised but it was rejected due to the logistical problems involved with HTP in peace-time and particularly during military action.[18]
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TheBritish Army ordered 64 Skeeter 6's, to be designated as the Skeeter AOP.12 (air observation post - artillery direction & control), and the Skeeter finally entered service in October 1956. Several Skeeter AOP.12s were operated by theCentral Flying School of the Royal Air Force. With the merger of the helicopter activities of the BritishBristol Aeroplane Company,Fairey and Saro withWestland Aircraft in 1960, plans to develop aturbine powered version were abandoned[citation needed] – although this knowledge was used in the development of theWestland Scout andWestland Wasp through to theP.531, which had been based on the Skeeter's airframe.
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Data fromSaunders and Saro Aircraft since 1917.[41]
General characteristics
Performance
Related lists
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