Sarah A. Bowman | |
|---|---|
 Sarah Bowman (center) as innkeeper/saloon owner during theMexican–American War | |
| Born | Sarah Knight c 1813 |
| Died | (1866-12-22)December 22, 1866 Fort Yuma,California, US |
| Other names | "The Great Western" "Heroine of Fort Brown" |
| Occupation(s) | Innkeeper, restaurateur, and madam |
| Spouses |
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Sarah A. Bowman (c. 1813 – December 22, 1866), also known asSarah Borginnis orSarah Bourdette, was anIrish Americaninnkeeper,restaurateur, andmadam. Nicknamed "The Great Western", she gained fame, and the title "Heroine of Fort Brown", as acamp follower ofZachary Taylor's army during theMexican–American War. Following the war she operated an inn inFranklin, Texas (now El Paso) before settling nearArizona City (now Yuma, Arizona). Over the course of her life she was married multiple times, often without legal record or the blessing of a priest, and was known at various times by the names Boginnis, Bourdette, Bourget, Bourjette, Borginnis, Davis, Bowman, and possibly Foyle.[1] Following her death she wasbreveted an honorarycolonel and buried withmilitary honors in the Fort Yuma cemetery.[2] Her story became part of Americanpopular culture.
Bowman is believed to have been born Sarah Knight sometime between 1812 and 1813 (the 1860 census indicates her birth may have occurred as late as 1818[3]) in eitherTennessee orClay County, Missouri. Raised on theAmerican frontier, she received no formal education, and is believed to have beenilliterate due to her use of anX on business and census forms.[4] Despite the inability to read and write, she wasbilingual by her later years, with a priest nearFort Yuma noting she was the first American woman he had met fluent inSpanish.[5]
Physically, Bowman was an unusually large woman. Standing 6 feet (1.8 m) tall (some reports claim 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)) and reportedly weighing 200 pounds (91 kg), she was described as "a remarkably large, well-proportioned strong woman, of strong nerves, and great physical power."[6] Other observers noted she had anhourglass figure. Due to her large size she was nicknamed the Great Western, an apparent reference toSS Great Western, for a time the largest ship afloat.[7] Bowman also possessed skills to complement herAmazon-like physique.Texas RangerJohn Salmon Ford said of her, "She could whip any man, fair fight or foul, could shoot a pistol better than anyone in the region, and at black jack could outplay (or out cheat) the slickest professional gambler."[8]
Several tales are told of Bowman and her earlier years. The first is that she and her husband had accompaniedZachary Taylor during his campaign during theSeminole Wars.[9] There is no record of a woman matching Bowman's description accompanying Taylor, but such an event would help explain her later loyalty to him.[10]A second tale claims Bowman was in love with Taylor. If this is true, there is no evidence the affection was returned.[11]
The first documented record of Bowman occurs in 1845 atJefferson Barracks,Missouri. When her husband enlisted in the Seventh infantry, she signed on as alaundress, a position that included food, shelter, and the opportunity to earn a salary three times that earned by an Army private.[1] From Jefferson Barracks she accompanied the army toCorpus Christi Bay. By the time the army arrived in July 1845, her duties included cook and nurse in addition to the laundry.[12]
The army remained encamped along theNueces River till March 1846 when they received orders to advance to theRio Grande. Instead of following her husband, who was ill, and most of the military wives on ships down the coast, Bowman purchased a wagon andmule team and followed the army on land.[13] She handled the trek with skills the "best teamster in the train might have envied."[6]
The first encounter between American and Mexican forces came on March 21, 1846, during the crossing ofArroyo Colorado.[11] As the Americans approached the steep embankment, bugles rang out on the other bank accompanied by the warning, "Cross this stream and you will be shot!"[13] Upon seeing the column halted, Bowman rode to the front and told the commander, "If the general would give me a strong pair of tongs, I'd wade that river and whip every scoundrel that dared show himself."[4] (In addition to thetool, tongs was at the time slang for men'strousers.[14]) Inspired by her example the American troops made the crossing, scattering the opposing troops in the process.[4]
By May 1846, Bowman was married to her second husband, a man named Borginnes (spellings vary). Her husband was assigned toFort Texas (later renamed Fort Brown) where she operated an officer'smess. When Taylor withdrew the majority of his troops to confront the Mexican army near the coast, forces inMatamoros, stationed directly across the Rio Grande, responded bybesieging the fort.[7]
The Mexican bombardment began May 3 at 5 am. While most of the women in the fort retreated to thebunkers to sew sandbags, Borginnes remained at her cooking fire and served breakfast at 7 am.[15] For the next week she prepared food and coffee for the besieged fort, carrying buckets of coffee to the troops manning the fort's guns, even finding time to care for the wounded and other women.[7] Her schedule of three meals daily was continued even though bullets struck both herbonnet and bread tray.[6] She also requisitioned amusket in case the fort was stormed.[16]
Following the siege, Borginnes came to the attention of U.S. newspapers who named her the "Heroine of Fort Brown".[7] Stories of her exploits were published in bothPhiladelphia andNew York City. One correspondent even went out of his way to extol her virtues and fight any "tongues of slander" that might be directed at her character.[6]
Following Fort Brown, Borginnes briefly established aboarding house called the American House inMatamoros. In addition to food, lodging, and stables for soldiers' horses, the establishment also served as asaloon andbrothel. This establishment proved quite popular, with one soldier describing it as "the headquarters for everyone".[17] As Taylor's force moved into Mexico the American House moved with the army, first toMonterrey and then toSaltillo.[18]
While Borginnes was not involved in theBattle of Monterrey, she did see action during theBattle of Buena Vista. During the conflict she prepared food and coffee, reloaded weapons, and carried wounded off the field of battle.[19] Her attention to the injured even earned her the nickname "Doctor Mary".[18] Legend claims she received a saber wound to her cheek while working acannon position before slaying the Mexican soldier who cut her.[20] Another incident involves a retreatingprivate. The soldier ran into Borginnes' restaurant yelling that Taylor had been defeated. She responded by punching the private in the face and telling him "You damned son of a bitch, there ain't Mexicans enough in Mexico to whip old Taylor. You just spread that report and I'll beat you to death."[5]
During the battle Borginnes learned that Captain George Lincoln, a friend that had joined the army at the same time as her husband, had been killed. Not wishing to have his body stripped, she searched for him during the battle. Upon finding him, she brought the body back to Saltillo and made sure he was properly buried.[7][18] After the battle she purchased Lincoln's horse at auction, beating a $75 bid with a $200 offer, and made arrangements for the horse to be sent to the captain's family.[21]
Following her actions upon the field of battle, tradition maintains that GeneralWinfield Scott ordered a military pension for Borginnes.[22]
Following the signing of theTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, the U.S. Army prepared to depart Northern Mexico. By this time Borginnes' second husband had left her—whether by death or abandonment is unknown. She wished to accompany the departing troops toCalifornia, but was informed that only military wives were allowed to join the column.[23] In response she mounted her horse, rode through the soldiers, and shouted "Who wants a wife with $15,000 and the biggest leg in Mexico! Come, my beauties, don't all speak at once—who is the lucky man?"[24] Eventually a dragoon named either Davis or David E. volunteered, on condition that a priest perform the marriage ceremony.[23] Her response to this was, "Bring your blanket to my tent tonight and I will learn you to tie a knot that will satisfy you, I reckon!"[24]
By early 1849, following a brief illness, the "Great Western" arrived in Franklin (nowEl Paso, Texas) without a husband and again using her second husband's name.[24] There she established an inn that catered to people traveling across the country as part of theCalifornia Gold Rush. In the process she became known as El Paso's firstAnglo woman and the town's firstmadam, gaining a reputation as a "whore with a heart of gold".[5][7]
By early 1850, Borginnes had moved up the Rio Grande to the town ofSocorro. There she lived with a man named Juan Duran and five girls, possibly orphans, with the last name of Skinner. Shortly thereafter she married Alfred J. Bowman, adragoon in the U.S. Army. Following his discharge on November 30, 1850, the couple moved west.[5]
Bowman arrived at Yuma Crossing in 1852.[25] Yuma's first business operator, she cooked and did laundry for the officers ofFort Yuma while her husbandprospected.[26][25] One of the fort's soldiers noted, "She has been with the Army twenty years and was brought up here where she keeps the officer's mess. Among her other good qualities she is an admirable `pimp'. She used to be a splendid-looking woman and has done good service but is too old for that now."[27]
After a time Bowman opened a hotel near the fort, along with other businesses nearFort Buchanan andPatagonia, Arizona.[25][27][2] In addition to her business interests, she adopted a number of Mexican andIndian children.[28]
Bowman died December 22, 1866, from aspider bite.[3] Following her death she wasbreveted an honorarycolonel and buried withmilitary honors in the Fort Yuma cemetery.[2][29] In 1890, following the decommissioning of Fort Yuma, she was exhumed and reburied atSan Francisco National Cemetery in a grave marked "Sarah A. Bowman".[30][25]
In 1998, the events of Bowman's life were used as the basis for thehistorical novelFearless, A Novel of Sarah Bowman.[31] She also features under the name Sarah Borginnis inCormac McCarthy's epic WesternBlood Meridian, and a fictionalized version of "The Great Western" appears inLarry McMurtry's novelDead Man's Walk
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