| Madurese | |
|---|---|
| Bhâsa Madhurâ ݒا࣪سا ماڊۅرا࣪ ꦧꦱꦩꦝꦸꦫ | |
| Pronunciation | [bʰɤsa maʈʰurɤ] |
| Native to | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore |
| Region | Madura Islands (incl.Sapudi,Masalembu),Java,Singapore, andMalaysia |
| Ethnicity | |
Native speakers | 10–13.6 million (2008)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
Standard forms | Sumenep Madurese[2] |
| Dialects |
|
| Madurese Latin alphabet (Latèn) Pegon script (Pèghu) Javanese script (Carakan) | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa (in Indonesia) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | mad |
| ISO 639-3 | mad – Standard Madurese |
| Glottolog | nucl1460 |
 Areas where Madurese is spoken by a majority of the population Areas where Madurese is spoken by a significant minority of the population | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
_(cropped).jpg)
Madurese (/ˌmædʒʊˈriːz/MAD-juh-REEZ;Bhâsa Madhurâ,Pegon script:ݒا࣪سا ماڊۅرا࣪,Carakan script:ꦧꦱꦩꦝꦸꦫ,IPA:[bʰɤsamaʈʰurɤ]) is a language of theMadurese people, native to theMadura Island and eastern part ofJava,Indonesia; it is also spoken by migrants to other parts of Indonesia, namely theSurabaya,Malang,Gresik,eastern salient of Java (comprisingPasuruan,Bondowoso,Probolinggo,Situbondo,Jember,Lumajang, toBanyuwangi), theMasalembu Islands,Raas Islands, and some onKalimantan.[3] It was traditionally written in theJavanese script, but theLatin script and thePegon script (based onArabic script) is now more commonly used. The number of speakers, though shrinking, is estimated to be 10–14 million, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the country.Bawean language, which is a dialect of Madurese, is also spoken byBawean people inBawean Island, Indonesia. Then also by their descendants inMalaysia andSingapore.
According toK. Alexander Adelaar, Madurese is aMalayo-Sumbawan language of theMalayo-Polynesian language family, a branch of the largerAustronesian language family. Thus, despite apparent geographic spread, Madurese is more related toBalinese,Malay,Sasak, andSundanese, than it is toJavanese, the language used on the island of Java just across Madura Island.
Links betweenBali–Sasak languages and Madurese are more evident with thevernacular form (common form).[citation needed]
Latin letters are given according to the 2008 orthography.[4]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| Close | /i/ ꦆ⟨i⟩ | /ɨ/ ꦆ⟨e⟩ | /u/ ꦈ⟨u⟩ | |
| Mid | /ɛ/ ꦌ⟨è⟩ | /ə/ ꦄꦼ⟨e⟩ | /ɤ/ ꦄꦼꦴ⟨â⟩ | /ɔ/ ꦎ⟨o⟩ |
| Open | /a/ ꦄ⟨a⟩ | |||
Vowels/a/,/ɛ/,/ə/,/ɔ/ and its higher counterparts/ɤ/,/i/,/ɨ/,/u/ are usually in complementary distribution. The last 4 vowels occur after voiced and aspirated consonants, while the first 4 vowels occur elsewhere. Consonants/l/,/r/, and/s/, although by default lower the vowels, are transparent after higher vowels, for examplebelli/bɨlli/ "to buy" instead of*bellè/bɨllɛ/.[5]
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ꦩ⟨m⟩⟨م⟩ | /n̪/ ꦤ⟨n⟩⟨ن⟩ | /ɳ/ ꦟ⟨ṇ⟩⟨ن⟩ | /ɲ/ ꦚ⟨ny⟩⟨ۑ⟩ | /ŋ/ ꦔ⟨ng⟩⟨ڠ⟩ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | /p/ ꦥ⟨p⟩⟨ڤ⟩ | /t̪/ ꦠ⟨t⟩⟨ت⟩ | /ʈ/ ꦛ⟨ṭ⟩⟨ڟ⟩ | /c/ ꦕ⟨c⟩⟨چ⟩ | /k/ ꦏ⟨k⟩⟨ك⟩ | /ʔ/ ꦃ⟨'⟩⟨ء⟩ |
| voiced | /b/ ꦧ⟨b⟩⟨ب⟩ | /d̪/ ꦢ⟨d⟩⟨د⟩ | /ɖ/ ꦣ⟨ḍ⟩⟨ڊ⟩ | /ɟ/ ꦗ⟨j⟩⟨ج⟩ | /ɡ/ ꦒ⟨g⟩⟨ࢴ⟩ | ||
| aspirated | /pʰ/ ꦧ⟨bh⟩⟨ب⟩ | /t̪ʰ/ ꦢ⟨dh⟩⟨د⟩ | /ʈʰ/ ꦣ⟨ḍh⟩⟨ڊ⟩ | /cʰ/ ꦗ⟨jh⟩⟨ج⟩ | /kʰ/ ꦒ⟨gh⟩⟨ࢴ⟩ | ||
| Fricative | /s/ ꦱ⟨s⟩⟨س⟩ | /h/ ꦲ⟨h⟩⟨ه⟩ | |||||
| Trill | /r/ ꦫ⟨r⟩⟨ر⟩ | ||||||
| Approximant | /l/ ꦭ⟨l⟩⟨ل⟩ | /j/ ꦪ⟨y⟩⟨ي⟩ | /w/ ꦮ⟨w⟩⟨و⟩ | ||||
Madurese has moreconsonants than its neighboring languages due to it having voiceless unaspirated, voicelessaspirated (traditionally often transcribed as voiced aspirated), and voiced unaspirated. Similar toJavanese, it has a contrast betweendental andalveolar (evenretroflex) stops.[6][7]
The letters⟨f⟩,⟨q⟩,⟨v⟩,⟨x⟩, and⟨z⟩ are used in loanwords.[8]
Currently Madurese is mainly used the Latin script than other scripts, the Latin alphabet in Madurese is known asAlfabet Latèn. The Latin alphabet letters used in Madurese spelling are as follows. The name of each letter is listed next to it.[9]
| Letter | Name | Letter | Name | Letter | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A a | a | J j | je | S s | es |
| B b | be | K k | ka | T t | te |
| C c | ce | L l | el | U u | u |
| D d | de | M m | em | V v | ve |
| E e | e | N n | en | W w | we |
| F f | ef | O o | o | X x | ex |
| G g | ge | P p | pe | Y y | ye |
| H h | ha | Q q | qi | Z z | zet |
| I i | i | R r | er |
| Vowels | Examples at the Beginning of Words | Examples in the Middle of Words | Example at the End of the Word |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | alos (fine) apoy (fire) | market (market) abâs (see) | sala (false) bâbâ (bottom) |
| e | eppa' (father) ella (don't) | nèser (pity) seksek (suffocation) | |
| è | èntar (go) ènga' (remember) | sèksèk (iris) malèng (thief) | talè (rope) sapè (cow) |
| i | yesâ (yes) | bhiru (green) raddhin (beautiful) | manḍi (bathing) mandhi (efficacious) |
| o | olo' (weak) olok (call) | rèpot (busy) dokar (dokar) | pao (mango) rao (weed) |
| u | dhuri (split, prick) thorn (thorn) | paju (sell) pumpkin (fall) |
Note:
1. The vowel /a/ has two sound variations, namely [a] and [â]; The vowel /a/ will sound [a] if the consonant isattached to it are voiceless consonants and consonantsnasal, will sound [â] if the consonant is attached to itin the form of voiced consonants. For practical purposes, secondThe sound symbol /a/ is both used.
2. The diacritical mark (') on the vowel /è/ is still usedbecause /è/ and /e/ in Madurese are phonemesdifferent, as in the wordsseksek (shortness) andsèksèk(iris),tèmbhâng (weigh) andtembhâng (Iagu).
| Consonant Letters | Examples at the Beginning of Words | Examples in the Middle of Words | Example at the End of the Word |
|---|---|---|---|
| b | bârâ (swelling) | lobâr (finished) | sabâb (cause) |
| c | cangkem (chin) | moncar (published) lonca' (jump) | |
| d | dumeng (stupid) | badal (deputy) | morèd (pupil) |
| ḍ | ḍârâ (blood) | buḍu (rotten [for fish]) | |
| f | faker (fakir) | shroud (shroud) | wâkaf (waqf) |
| g | gâmbus (orchestral) | anggâ' (arrogant, haughty) | |
| h | halal (lawful) | aher (end) | |
| j | jâḍiyâ (sana) | paju (sale) | |
| k | you (less) | sakè' (sick) | otek (brain) |
| l | ban (expensive) | malo (embarrassed) | ship (ship) |
| m | marè (already) | ambu (stop) | ḍâlem (in) |
| n | neser (pity) | penang (betel nut) | board (board) |
| p | perrèng (plate) perrèng (bamboo) | nompa (spill) | kèlap (lightning) |
| q | quran (Quran) | furqan (furqan) | |
| r | rammè (crowded) | sarè (search) | kasor (mattress) |
| s | sèyang (afternoon) | moso (enemy) | bherrâs (rice) |
| t | tèkos (rat) | matta (raw) | sèsèt (dragonfly) |
| v | vitamin (vitamin) | revolution (revolution) | |
| w | wâjib (obligatory) | towa (old) | |
| y | yâkèn (sure) | rèya (this) | |
| z | zâkat (zakat) | mu'jizât (miracle) |
Note:
1. The consonants /f/, /q/, /v/, /x/, and /z/ are used in Madurese to write words that are loanwords.
2. For practical purposes, the hamzah or glottal stop sound([?]) is symbolized by an apostrophe (..'..). This symbol is used because the velar /k/ ([k]) and the glottal /k/ ([?]) are different phonemes in Madurese. Furthermore, glottal stops in Madurese are often placed in the middle of words. Examples include: "paka" [paka?] (astringent taste), "cèlo" (sour taste), and "pa'a" [pa?a?] (tatah [tool for hollowing wood]).
In Madurese, there are five letter combinations that represent consonants: "kh," "ng," "ny," "sy," and "th," as well as five aspirated consonants. In Madurese, aspirated and unaspirated consonants are distinct phonemes and therefore require different symbols. For example,bârâ (swelling) andbhârâ (lungs);ḍâḍâ (chest) andḍhâḍhâ (quickly tired);bâjâ (moment, time) andbâjhâ (steel [a type of metal]) as well asbâgi (share) andbâghi (give).
| Consonant Letters | Examples at the Beginning of Words | Examples in the Middle of Words | Example at the End of the Word |
|---|---|---|---|
| kh | khoso' (solemn) | èkhlas (sincere) | |
| ng | ngoḍâ (young) | bângal (brave) | sarong (sarong) |
| ny | comfortable (tasty) | bânnya' (a lot) | |
| sy | condition (condition) | society (society) | |
| bh | bhârâ (lungs) | cabbhi (chili pepper) | |
| th | thokthok (tap) | ketthok (cut) | |
| dh | dhârâ (dove) | dhudhul (dodol [a type of food]) | |
| ḍh | ḍhenḍheng (dizzy) | aḍḍhâng (block) | |
| gh | ghâghâman (sharp weapon) | bighi (seed) | |
| jh | jhârân (horse) | tajhin (porridge [a type of food]) |
In Madurese, there are three diphthongs symbolized byay,oy, anduy.
| Consonant Letters | Examples at the Beginning of Words | Examples in the Middle of Words | Examples at the End of Words |
|---|---|---|---|
| ay | nyaynyay (soft) | tapay (tapai, tape) labây (woven thread) | |
| oy | loyloy (tired, powerless) | kompoy (grandson) | |
| uy | kerbhuy (buffalo) |
Madurese nouns are not inflected for gender and arepluralized viareduplication. Its basic word order issubject–verb–object.Negation is expressed by putting a negative particle before the verb, adjective ornoun phrase. As with other similar languages, there are different negative particles for different kinds of negation.[10]
| Madurese | Indonesian | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | Pèghu | ||
| lakè’ | لاكَيء | laki-laki | male |
| binè’ | بِينَيء | perempuan | female |
| iyâ | إيۤا | iya | yes |
| enja′ | أٓنجاْء | tidak | no |
| aèng[aɛŋ] | أئَيڠ | air | water |
| arè | أرَي | matahari | sun |
| mata | ماتا | mata | eye |
| sengko' | سَيڠكَوء | aku/saya | I/me |
| bâ'na | بۤاءنا | kamu/engkau | you |
| Madurese | Indonesian | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | Pèghu | ||
| sèttong | سَيتَّوڠ | satu | one |
| duwâ' | دووۤاء | dua | two |
| tello' | تٓلَّوء | tiga | three |
| empa' | اۤمڤاء | empat | four |
| lèma’ | لَيماء | lima | five |
| ennem | اۤنّٓم | enam | six |
| pètto’ | ڤَيتَّوء | tujuh | seven |
| bâllu’ | بۤالّوء | delapan | eight |
| sanga′ | ساڠاء | sembilan | nine |
| sapolo | ساڤَولَو | sepuluh | ten |
Madurese, likeSasak,Javanese, andBalinese, also has levels/register, but they differ slightly in that they are divided into only three:
Example:
(See also:Madurese dialects [id])
Madurese language also has dialects spread throughout the region where it is spoken. There are several dialects that are commonly used, such as:[11]
The dialect used as thestandard form of Madurese is the Sumenep dialect, because in the past Sumenep was the center of the Maduresekingdom and culture. The other dialects are rural dialects that gradually blended with the mobilization of Madurese society. Meanwhile, in the eastern salient of Java, these dialects often mix withJavanese language, and this dialect itself is called the Pendalungan dialect. The Pendalungan Madurese people outsideSitubondo,Bondowoso, and the eastern part ofProbolinggo, generally master the Javanese language, in addition to the Madurese language.
For example, in the case of the pronoun 'you':
From Article 1 of the 1948Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Maduresic: Kangeanese and Madurese
{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)