This is a list of terminology used in the fictionalDune universe created byFrank Herbert, the primary source being "Terminology of the Imperium", the glossary contained in the novelDune (1965).
Dune word construction could be classified into three domains of vocabulary, each marked with its ownneology: the names and terms related to the politics and culture of the Imperium, the names and terms characteristic of the mysticsodality of theBene Gesserit, and the barely displaced Arabic of theFremen language.Fremen share vocabulary forArrakeen phenomena with the Empire, but use completely different vocabulary for Bene Gesserit-implantedmessianic religion.[1]
Due to the similarities between some of Herbert's terms and ideas and actual words and concepts in theArabic andHebrew languages — as well as the series' "Islamicundertones" and themes — aMiddle Eastern influence on Herbert's works has been noted repeatedly.[1][2] There are over eighty terms used of Arabic origin, several other loanwords fromIndo-European languages such as German and Persian, and words from the North AmericanNa-Dene language Navajo.[3]
Akarso – "Plant native to Sikun (of70 Ophiuchi A) characterized by almost oblong leaves. Its green and white stripes indicate the constant multiple, condition of parallel active and dormantchlorophyll regions."[4]
Arafel – The "cloud-darkness of holy judgment"[7] or "cloud darkness at the end of the universe;"[7][8] the end of mankind (as it was) averted byLeto II'sGolden Path.[7]
Assassin's Handbook – "Third-century compilation of poisons commonly used in aWar of Assassins. Later expanded to include those deadly devices permitted under theGuild Peace andGreat Convention."[4]
Baliset – "Nine-stringed musical instrument, lineal descendant of thezithra, tuned to theChusukscale and played by strumming. Favorite instrument of Imperial troubadours."[4]Gurney Halleck is a master at playing the baliset in the series.[5] InDavid Lynch's1984 adaptation ofDune, a cosmetically alteredChapman Stick was used to portray the instrument.[10] In the miniseriesFrank Herbert's Dune, the baliset resembles a renaissance-eralute, with the pegbox bent back almost 90°. A real-world version of the baliset has been created, divided into two sections, the treble played with the right hand, and the bass the left. Unlike a guitar, each hand can play either chords or separate notes.[11]
Bashar – Military rank, slightly above a traditionalColonel and primarily used for military leader of a planetary subdistrict; alternately, Colonel Bashar, or Supreme Bashar for a military's most senior commander.[5]
Bene Gesserit – Secretive and powerfulmatriarchal order whose members possess extraordinary physical and mental powers.[5]
Bene Tleilax (or Tleilaxu) – Secretive and powerfulpatriarchal race known for their genetic manipulation technologies.[9]
Caid – "Sardaukar officer rank given to a military official whose duties call mostly for dealings with civilians; A military governorship over a full planetary district; Above the rank of Bashar but not equal to a Burseg."[4]
Caladan – Ancestral homeworld of House Atreides. A lush,oceanic planet with a wet,temperate climate, Caladan had served as the Atreides’ home for at least twenty-six generations at the time of thefirst novel.
Carryall – Aircraft used onArrakis to "transport largespice mining, hunting and refining equipment."[4]
Chairdogs – Living and partially sentient creatures created by the Tleilaxu, which are used for seating and possess the ability to shape themselves to fit their occupant.[12]
Chaumas (or Aumas) – "Poison in solid food as distinguished from poison administered in some other way."[4]
Chaumurky (or Musky) – "Poison administered in a drink."[4]
CHOAM (Combine Honnete Ober Advancer Mercantiles) – the "universal developmentcorporation controlled by theEmperor and Great Houses with theGuild andBene Gesserit as silent partners."[4] This corporation essentially controls the economy of the known universe, withshares anddirectorships determining each House's income and financial leverage.
Cogitor – One of several ancient philosophers whose brains are transplanted into fluid-filled canisters so that they can analyze the universe indefinitely.[17]
Communinet,ComNet orComms – A local planetary communications network. Similar towirelessradio communications, it relies onelectromagnetic radiation to transmit audio and other information. Used by the Atreides and Harkonnen forces to communicate and issue battle commands.
Cone of silence – Sound-deadening "field of a distorter that limits the carrying power of the voice or any other vibrator by damping the vibrations with an image-vibration 180 degrees out of phase."[4] Used for privacy, the field does not visually obscure lip movement.[5]
Coriolis storm –Sandstorms on Arrakis in which "winds across the open flatlands are amplified by the planet's own revolutionary motion to reach speeds up to 700 kilometres per hour."[4]
D-wolves – Guardians of theSareer onArrakis in the time ofLeto II Atreides; ferocious wolves descended from Gaze Hounds and ordinary wolves, "noted for their keen eyesight."[7]
Damper, Ixian – Portable device which hides words from anyone without the proper coded translator, and projects distortions that hide the precise movements of lips and the sounds of voices. It is described as a "black disc" buoyed midair bysuspensors.[8]
Deathstill – Fremen device used to extract all moisture from a living or dead human or creature.[5] This is traditionally done to reclaim precious water from the dead, who no longer require it; but inChildren of Dune the device is used as a method of execution.
Distrans –Steganographic device producing a "temporaryneuralimprint on the nervous system ofChiroptera (bats) or birds. The creature's normal cry then carries the message imprint, which can be sorted from thatcarrier wave by another distrans."[4]
Elacca drug – Narcotic produced from the "blood-grained" elacca wood of Ecaz; users' skin shows a characteristiccarrot color. The drug's effect is to remove most of the will to self-preservation; commonly used to prepare slavegladiators for the ring.[4]
Ego-likeness – Portraiture of one or more people, reproduced through a shigawire projector, that is capable of showing subtle movements said to convey the mannerisms and ego essence of the subjects.
Face Dancers – Creatures created by the Bene Tleilax that are able to mimic other humans exactly and go undetected by all known means, except by Bene Gesserit Truthsayers.[9]
Famine Times – Years after the reign of Leto II, marked by chaos and famine on many worlds, that led to the Scattering.[7]
Faufreluches – "The rigid rule of class distinction enforced by the Imperium. 'A place for every man and every man in his place.'"[4]
Fedaykin –/fɪˈdaɪkɪn/[18] "Fremen deathcommandos; historically: a group formed and pledged to give their lives to right a wrong."[4] InDune, they are personally trained by, and fiercely loyal to,Paul Atreides.[5] The term is derived from the ArabicFedayeen.[19]
Filmbook – A shigawire imprint, used for training and education, which carries a mnemonic pulse that imprints information and corresponding images in the reader's mind.[4]
Fogwood – Plant native to Ecaz, capable of being shaped by thought alone.[20]
Foldspace – An extra-dimensional region outside ofspacetime accessible using a Holtzman drive, and traversable only by Guild Navigators who have ingested vast amounts of the psychotropic drug melange.
Frigate – A class of spacecraft employed as both atroop carrier and abattleship. It was said that all the frigates and transport ships of House Atreides occupied a single corner of a Guild Heighliner’s immense cargo hold.
Futar – Primitive and fierce humanoid creatures, a genetic mix of human and cat, artificially created by theBene Tleilax out in the Scattering to huntHonored Matres. Introduced briefly inHeretics of Dune and appearing inChapterhouse: Dune, the species are brought as captives to the "million planets" by the Honored Matres, who keep them as pets.[8][21] Futars use their voice-like scream to immobilize Honored Matres, but the scream has no effect on the Bene Gesserit.[22]
Ghola – A type ofClone grown in anaxlotl tank from genetic material retrieved from the cells of a deceased subject.[9]
Giedi Prime (laterGammu) – Homeworld of House Harkonnen. A dark, barren planet covered in buildings, factories, industrial plants and a heavy layer of pollution. This resulted in a low level of photosynthesis, leading to a severe lack of oxygen and the extinction of most animal and plant life on the planet’s surface.
Glowglobe – "Suspensor-buoyed illuminating device, self-powered (usually by organic batteries)."[4]
Golden Lion Throne – Refers to both the physical throne upon which the Padishah Emperor sits, as well as the figurative position of the Emperor as the head of the Landsraad Council and ruler of the Known Universe.
Golden Path – Leto II's strategy to prevent humanity's destruction.[23]
Gom jabbar – "Specific poison needle tipped with meta-cyanide used by Bene Gesserit Proctors in their death-alternative test of human awareness."[4]
Great Convention – "Universal truce enforced under the power balance maintained by theGuild, the Great Houses, and the Imperium. Its chief rule prohibits the use ofatomic weapons against human targets."[4]
Holtzman effect – Scientific phenomenon that makes (among other things) instantaneous space travel and defensive force shields possible.[5]
Honored Matres – Violent matriarchal order formed in the Scattering.[8]
Hunter-seeker – "Ravening sliver of suspensor-buoyed metal guided as a weapon by a nearbycontrol console; commonassassination device."[4] Floating in mid-air, it kills by entering the body and following nerve pathways to vital organs. A hunter-seeker is employed inDune in an assassination attempt onPaul Atreides.[5]
Hypnobong – Device in the shape of a concave base that induced a drug-like state. According to Reverend MotherLucilla it is outlawed in most of the civilized worlds.[8]
Inkvine – "Creeping plant native toGiedi Prime and frequently used as a whip in its slave pens. Victims are marked by beet-colored tattoos that cause residual pain for many years."[4]
Ixian damper – Portable device which hides words from anyone without the proper coded translator, and projects distortions that hide the precise movements of lips and the sounds of voices. It is described as a "black disc" buoyed midair bysuspensors.[8]
Ixian Probe – Device used to capture the thoughts of a person (living or dead) for analysis; can be blocked by the substanceshere.[8]
Judge of the Change – "An official appointed by theLandsraad High Council and theEmperor to monitor a change offief, akanly negotiation, or formal battle in aWar of Assassins. The Judge's arbitral authority may be challenged only before the High Council with the Emperor present."[4]
Kaitain – New homeworld of House Corrino (following the environmental destruction of Salusa Secundus) and capital of the Corrino Empire. Kaitain is also the location of the Imperial Court and Golden Lion Throne, as well as the meeting place of the Landsraad Council.
Kanly – "Formalfeud or vendetta under the rules of theGreat Convention carried on according to the strictest limitations". Derived fromkanlı, a Turkish word for a blood feud between Islamic tribes of the Caucasus.[4][13][3]
Kralizec – Long-foretold "Typhoon Struggle" or final "battle at the end of the universe".[23]
Krimskell fiber/Krimskell rope – "The 'claw fiber' woven from strands of thehufuf vine from Ecaz. Knots tied in krimskell will claw tighter and tighter to preset limits when the knot-lines are pulled."[4]
Kwisatz Haderach – "The Shortening of the Way" or "The one who can be two places simultaneously". Bene Gesserit label applied to "the unknown for which they sought a genetic solution: a male Bene Gesserit whose organic mental powers would bridge space and time."[4] Originating from the Hebrew wordkefitzat haderech.[3]
Landsraad – The Assembly of all nobles in the Imperium.[5]
Lasgun – Handheld energy weapon, technically a "continuous-wave laser projector;"[4] alsolasegun.
Laza tiger – A breed of tiger brought toSalusa Secundus "almost eight thousand years" before the events ofChildren of Dune. "Genetic manipulation of the ancient Terran stock had erased some of the original tiger features and refined other elements. The fangs remained long. Their faces were wide, eyes alert and intelligent. The paws were enlarged to give them support on uneven terrain and their sheathed claws could extend some ten centimeters, sharpened at the ends into razor tips by abrasive compression of the sheath. Their coats were a flat and even tan which made them almost invisible against sand."[23]
Levenbrech – A military rank that is roughly in between a sergeant and a lieutenant.[23]
Lisan al Gaib – (Arabic: لسان الغيب - 'The tongue of the unseen') The Fremen term for an off-world prophet or messiah, applied to Paul Atreides inDune. It is "The Voice from the Outer World" and is outlined in Fremen messianic legends heavily influenced by the Bene Gesserit'sMissionaria Protectiva. It is also translated as the "Giver of Water". A phrase of Arabic origin meaning "Tongue of the Unseen", also title ofHafez.[3]
Litter – A kind ofstretcher orcart that uses anti-gravitysuspensors to hover above the ground. Used by Harkonnen troopers to transport Paul and Jessica to a waiting ornithopter in theoriginal novel.
Little Maker – The "half-plant-half-animal deep-sand vector of theArrakissandworm", whose "excretions form thepre-spice mass."[4] Also known as "sandtrout," they represent an early stage in the life cycle of the worm. They can link the cilia on the edges of their bodies to encapsulate pockets of free subsurface water, which is lethal to fully grown worms.
Mahdi – "In the Fremenmessianic legend, 'The One Who Will Lead Us to Paradise;'"[4] applied to Paul Atreides by the Fremen when they determine that he is their messiah. The termMahdi is the same as that used inIslam for a messianic figure who will appear shortly before the Day of Judgment inIslamic eschatology.
Maker hooks – "The hooks used for capturing, mounting, and steering a sandworm of Arrakis."[4]
Maula pistol – "Spring-loaded gun for firing poison darts; range about 40 metres."[4]
Melange – Known colloquially as "the spice", a highly-addictive drug essential to space travel, extended life, and therefore to the survival of the universe.[5]
Memocorder – Tiny handheld device described as "a dull black Ixian artifact whose existence crowded the proscriptions of the Butlerian Jihad".[7]
Mentats – Individuals trained as "human computers,"[4] their minds developed to staggering heights of cognitive and analytical ability.
Missionaria Protectiva – An arm of the Bene Gesserit charged with spreading contrived myths, prophecies and superstition on primitive worlds so that the Bene Gesserit may later exploit those regions.[4]
Muad'Dib – "The adaptedkangaroo mouse of Arrakis, a creature associated in the Fremen earth-spirit mythology with a design visible on the planet's second moon. This creature is admired by Fremen for its ability to survive in the open desert."[4] InDune,Paul Atreides takes "Muad'Dib" as his Fremen name, which takes on greater significance when he is perceived as amessiah. The term originates from the wordمؤدب (muʾaddib) meaning "teacher" in Arabic.[3]
na-Baron – Noble title given to aBaron's heir-apparent.[4]
No-chamber – Construct that hides anything inside from prescient and oracular vision, as well as other methods of detection.[8]
No-ship – No-chamber in spaceship form, with enough limited prescience to be capable of interstellar travel without a Guild Navigator.[8]
Nullentropy – Technology akin to thescience fiction concept ofstasis, in which the natural processes of time, such as decomposition, are ceased. In this way, perishable matter such as food and even human cells may be stored for millennia and remain undamaged.[21][8]
Obliterators – Weapons of mass destruction stolen by Honored Matres from their "outside enemy". They combust the atmosphere of a planet, and subsequently its surface.[22]
Orange Catholic Bible, or OCB – The primary orthodox religious text in the universe, asyncretic fusion of all significant religious concepts in the historical record, created by anecumenical council. Its supreme commandment is considered to be: "Thou shalt not disfigure the soul."[4]
Other Memory – The combined ego and memories of all female ancestors, which a Bene Gesserit may be trained to access.[5]
Ornithopter (or 'Thopter) – "Aircraft capable of sustained wing-beat flight in the manner of birds;"[4] one of the primary modes of transportation on thedesert planetArrakis.[5]
Palm lock – "Lock or seal which can be opened only by contact with the palm of the human hand to which it has been keyed."[4]
Phibian – Primitive andamphibious humanoid creatures, a genetic mix of human and fish, created out in the Scattering. First mentioned inChapterhouse: Dune, they have been brought as captives to the "million planets" by theHonored Matres.[21] InHunters of Dune, Phibians are described as having bullet-shaped heads and lean and streamlined bodies, taller than humans and slick green skin that "shines with oily iridescence". Capable of breathing underwater as well as on land, they are used by the Honored Matres onBuzzell to harvest valuablesoostones from the sea.[22]
Plasteel – Extremely tough form of steel, "stabilized with stravidium fibers grown into its crystal structure."[4]
Plaz (or windowplaz) – Synthetic glass, used for windows (especially in aircraft and spaceships) due to its superior strength.[8]
Poison snooper – "Radiation analyzer within the olfactory spectrum and keyed to detect poisonous substances."[24] Said to resemble a dead spider that hangs limply over a table.
Powindah –Tleilaxu term for all outsiders, whom they consider "unclean" sinners and heretics.[8]
Prana-bindu – Training providing a Bene Gesserit with complete muscle control (Prana nervature relates to nervous system control).[5]
Pre-spice mass – The "stage of fungusoid wild growth achieved when water is flooded into the excretions of Little Makers. At this stage, the spice of Arrakis forms a characteristic 'blow', exchanging the material from deep underground for the matter on the surface above it. This mass, after exposure to sun and air, becomes melange."[4]
Probe, Ixian – Device used to capture the thoughts of a person (living or dead) for analysis; can be blocked by the substanceshere.[8]
Probe, T – Device used to capture the thoughts of a person (living or dead) for analysis; unlike anIxian Probe, it cannot be blocked by the substanceshere.[8]
Pundi rice – "A mutated rice whose grains, high in natural sugar, achieve lengths up to four centimeters; chief export ofCaladan."[4]
Rachag – A "caffeine-type stimulant from the yellow berries of Akarso."[4]
Residual poison – "Innovation attributed to the MentatPiter De Vries whereby the body is impregnated with a substance for which repeatedantidotes must be administered; withdrawal of the antidote at any time brings death."[4]
Reverend Mother – Bene Gesserit who has survived a ritual wherein she consciously transforms a toxic dose of melange into a non-poisonous substance at the molecular level, thereby raising herself to a higher level of awareness and enabling her to access Other Memory.[4]
Rossak drug – A precursor to the Water of Life, used by the Sisterhood of Rossak to unlock Other Memory.[25]
Salusan bull – Fierce and very aggressive creature with compound eyes and multiple horns, used inbullfighting onCaladan and originating fromSalusa Secundus.[6]
Salusa Secundus – Original homeworld of House Corrino. Later devastated by atomics, it eventually became the Emperor’s prison planet and a training ground for his elite Sardaukar military forces.
Sandworm – Giant sand-dwelling creatures native to Arrakis. CalledShai-Hulud (and sometimes Little Maker) by the Fremen and worshipped as deities.[5]
Sapho – "High-energy liquid extracted from barrier roots of Ecaz. Commonly used byMentats who claim it amplifies mental powers. Users develop deep ruby stains on mouth and lips."[4]
Sareer – Last desert of Arrakis in the time ofLeto II Atreides, location of his Citadel; guarded by D-wolves.[7]
Sayyadina – Among the Fremen, the Sayyadina ("Friend of God" in Chakobsa) is a priestess who has not yet passed within to become a Reverend Mother. When a Sayyadina undergoes thespice agony, another is then consecrated into the Sayyadina to continue the line of succession.[5]
Scattering, The – Event after the reign of Leto II in which trillions of people left the settled worlds of theOld Empire, striking off into unknown space.[8]
Semuta – "Second narcotic derivative (by crystal extraction) from the burned residue of elacca wood [from Ecaz]. The effect (described as timeless, sustained ecstasy) is elicited by certain atonal vibrations referred to as semuta music."[4]
Servo-receiver – A communications device worn in the ear. InDune, Shaddam wears one during the Battle of Arrakeen to receive updates on the battle.
Shai-Hulud – Fremen name for the sandworms of Arrakis.[5] Originating from the Arabic words meaning "thing of eternity" (شيء خلودšayʾ khulūd).[3]
Shere – A substance which, when present in the body at high enough concentrations, will block the use of anIxian Probe (but not aT-Probe) from recovering memories.[8]
Shigawire – "Metallic extrusion of a ground vine (Narvi narviium) grown only onSalusa Secundus and III Delta Kaising. It is noted for extreme tensile strength"[4] and is used as a recording medium as well as agarrote weapon.
Sietch – Cave warren inhabited by a Fremen tribal community; in the Fremen language, "Place of assembly in time of danger."[4] The name was borrowed from thesich ofZaporozhian Cossacks.[13]
Sietch orgy (or sietch tau orgy) – Fremen ritual of unrestrained sexual indulgence[citation needed] which takes place after a Reverend Mother shares the changedWater of Life with her community.[5]
Slig – A livestock animal which is the hybrid of a largeslug and a pig, created by the Tleilaxu and considered a culinary delicacy.[8] The Tleilaxu themselves do not consume the animals, having designed them to facilitate what they see as the degrading decadence and spiritual bankruptcy of all cultures but their own.
Solari – The officialcurrency and principalmonetary unit used throughout the Corrino Empire and, presumably, the Known Universe. Often used in parallel with spice as a form of payment. Implied to still be in use at the time of the accession of Leto II, as well as in the years following his death.
Solido – "Three-dimensional image from a solido projector using 360-degree reference signals imprinted on a shigawire reel."[4]
Soostone – Valuable iridescent gem produced onBuzzell by the abraded carapaces of monoped sea creatures called Cholisters, much in the manner ofpearls.[8]
Spacing Guild – Powerful organization with a monopoly on space travel and transport due to theirNavigators.[5]
Spice – Common name for melange, a highly-addictive drug essential to space travel, extended life, and therefore to the survival of the universe.[5]
Spice agony – Fremen version of the ritual used by the Bene Gesserit to create Reverend Mothers, using theWater of Life instead of melange.[5]
Starship Lighter orSpace Lighter – A class of spacecraft that functions similarly to a ferry or barge, and serves to shuttle people and cargo between a larger ship such as a Guild Heighliner and a planet’s surface.
Stillsuit – "Body-enclosing garment" of Fremen design which performs the "functions of heat dissipation and filtering bodily wastes," as well as retaining and reclaiming moisture.[4]
Stilltent – "Small, scalable enclosure of micro-sandwich fabric designed to reclaim as potable water the ambient moisture discharged within it by the breath of its occupants."[4]
Stone burner –Atomic weapon, the explosion and radiation of which can be precisely adjusted depending on the desired effect. A stone burner with sufficient fuel can burn through the crust of a planet to the mantle or core, potentially causing a release of energy destroying the surface of the planet on which the weapon is deployed. Stone burners emit "J-Rays," a form of radiation that has a side effect of destroying the eyes of anyone surviving the initial radiation blast.[9]
S'tori – Tleilaxu concept, derived from Japanesesatori (悟り), spiritual awakening. "To achieve s'tori, no understanding is needed. S'tori exists without words, without even a name."[27]
Suk School – Prominentmedical school whose doctors are the universe's most competent and trusted; those who have received the "Suk Imperial Conditioning" bear a diamond tattoo on their foreheads, wear their hair in a special silver ring, and are incapable of inflicting harm. However, the fallibility of Suk training is proven inDune (1965) whenBaron Vladimir Harkonnen and his twisted MentatPiter De Vries manage to subvert this conditioning and coerce SukDr. Wellington Yueh into helping him in his attempt to destroyHouse Atreides.[5]
Suspensor – Any of a number of 'hovering' devices which utilize the "secondary (low-drain) phase of a Holtzman field generator" to nullifygravity "within certain limits prescribed by relative mass and energy consumption."[4] InDune, the obeseBaron Harkonnen uses suspensors to support his massive weight.[5] Hunter-seekers also use suspensor fields for propulsion, which make them slippery and hard to grasp.[5]
T-Probe – Device used to capture the thoughts of a person (living or dead) for analysis.Shere only prevents the T-Probe from recovering memories directly (as it does for theIxian Probe) and does not impede any of the other features. The model created by the operation of this probe can be interrogated to give an idea of how the person would have reacted to a set of stimuli, possibly giving insight into a shere-loaded prisoner.[8]
Umma – "One of the brotherhood of prophets; a term of scorn in the Imperium, meaning any 'wild' person given to fanatical prediction."[4]
Usul – Fremen word, meaning "The strength at the base of the pillar."[4] This is the secret "sietch name" (known only to his tribe) given to Paul Atreides upon his joining the Fremen.
Wali – The name the Fremen give to an untried youth.[4]
War of Assassins – Regulated form of warfare between noble houses, intended to "reduce involvement of innocent bystanders." The rules require "formal declarations of intent and restrict permissible weapons."[4]
Water of Life – Toxic liquid exhalation of a drowning sandworm, used by Fremen Reverend Mothers in thespice agony.[4]
Water rings – Metal rings wore by Fremen women to indicate the amount of water possessed by their households.[5]
Whale fur – Valuable commodity noted to be the original source ofHouse Harkonnen's wealth.[26]Princess Irulan is described wearing whale fur multiple times, including during her meeting with her fellow conspirators inDune Messiah.[6] ThePrelude to Dune prequel series establishes it to be the fur of the Bjondax whales ofLankiveil, a planet controlled by the Harkonnens.[6]
Windowplaz (or simplyplaz) – Synthetic glass, used for windows (especially in aircraft and spaceships) due to its superior strength.[6]
Windtrap – Type ofair well "placed in the path of a prevailing wind and capable of precipitating moisture from the air caught within it, usually by a sharp and distinct drop in temperature within the trap."[4]
^Reilly, Jim (2015).StickMan: The Story of Emmett Chapman and the Instrument He Created. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: Two Handed Press.ISBN978-0991872916.
^"Baliset".Tom McMahon.com.Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. RetrievedMay 11, 2020.
^Herbert, Frank (1965). "Afterword: by Brian Herbert (2005)".Dune, 40th Anniversary Edition (Dune Chronicles: Book 1). Ace Books, NY. pp. 523–525.ISBN0-441-01359-7.
^Herbert, Frank (1965).Dune,Terminology of the Imperium (Ecaz).
