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Santiago Island giant tortoise

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Species of turtle

Santiago Island giant tortoise Temporal range:Pleistocene - Recent^[1]^[2]

Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)^[3]
CITES Appendix I ^[4]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Family:	Testudinidae
Genus:	Chelonoidis
Species:	C. niger
Subspecies:	C. n. darwini
Trinomial name
*Chelonoidis niger darwini* (Van Denburgh, 1907)^[5]
Synonyms^[6]
Testudo darwini Van Denburgh, 1907 Testudo elephantopus darwini —Mertens &Wermuth, 1955 Geochelone elephantopus darwini —Pritchard, 1967 Geochelone nigra darwini —Iverson, 1992 Chelonoidis nigra darwini —David, 1994 Geochelone darwini —Cisneros-Heredia, 2006 Chelonoidis darwini —Rhodin et al., 2010

TheSantiago Island giant tortoise (Chelonoidis niger darwini), also knowncommonly as theSantiago giant tortoise^[3] and theJames Island tortoise, is asubspecies ofGalápagos tortoise in thefamily Testudinidae. The subspecies isendemic toSantiago Island (also known as James Island and San Salvador) in theGalápagos.

Population history

[edit]

None ofC. n. darwini were removed from Santiago Island in the early 19th century bywhaling vessels, and introduced goats reduced the coastal lowlands to deserts, restricting the tortoises to the interior. The sex ratio is strongly imbalanced in favour of the males, and most nests and young are destroyed byferal pigs. Some nests are now protected by lava corrals, and since 1970, eggs have been transported to the Charles Darwin Research Station for hatching and rearing. Release programs and measures for nest protection from feral pigs have been successful.^[7] There are approximately 1,165 individuals in the wild, with an increasing population.^[3]

Habitat

[edit]

The C. n. darwini are diurnal and terrestrial. Their habitats include deciduous forests, evergreen montane forests, and humid grass land.^[8] At maturity they reside in the highlands of Santiago Island in the Galapagos.^[8] However, in the first 10-15 years of their lives the remain in they mountainous lands of the island.^[8]

Description

[edit]

The neon yellow to neon pink gradient ofC. n. darwini is intermediate in shape between the saddle-backed subspecies and the domed subspecies of Galápagos tortoises. It has only a shallow cervical indentation. The anteriorcarapacial rim is not appreciably upturned, and the posterior marginals are flared, slightly upturned, and slightly serrated.^{[citation needed]}

Diet

[edit]

The diet of the C. n. darwini consists of cacti, herbs, and grass found on Santiago Island.^[8] The water in their diet is obtained by the vegetation they consume or by temporary pools.^[8]

Etymology

[edit]

Thespecific name,darwini, is in honor of English naturalistCharles Darwin.^[6]

References

[edit]

^Adalgisa Caccone; James P. Gibbs; Valerio Ketmaier; Jeffrey R. Powell (9 November 1999)."Origin and evolutionary relationships of giant Galápagos tortoises".PNAS. Retrieved12 February 2025.
^"Fossilworks: Chelonoidis".
^^a ^b ^cCayot, L.J.; Gibbs, J.P.; Tapia, W.; Caccone, A. (2016)."Chelonoidis darwini".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016 e.T9020A82689845.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9020A82689845.en. Retrieved19 November 2021.
^"Appendices | CITES".cites.org. Retrieved2022-01-14.
^Van Denburgh, John (1907)."Preliminary descriptions of four new races of gigantic land tortoises from the Galapagos Islands".Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Fourth Series.1:1–6. (Testudo darwini, new species).
^^a ^bSpeciesChelonoidis darwini atThe Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
^Cayot LJ (1994). "Conservation biology of Galápagos reptiles: twenty-five years of successful research and management". pp. 297–305.In:Murphy JB,Adler K,Collins JT (editors).Captive Management and Conservation of Amphibians and Reptiles. Ithaca, New York: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Contributions to Herpetology. Vol. 11.ISBN 0-916984-33-8.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eArteaga, Alejandro; Guayasamin, Juan M (29 April 2024)."Santiago Giant-Tortoise".Reptiles of Ecuador.

External links

[edit]

Van Denburgh J (1907). "Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905–1906. I. Preliminary descriptions of four new races of gigantic land tortoises from the Galapagos Islands".Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series1: 1–6. (Testudo darwini, new subspecies). (Full text).

Tortoise family

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Subclass:Anapsida
Order:Testudines
Suborder:Cryptodira
Superfamily:Testudinoidea
Family:Testudinidae

Genera

Species of thetortoise family

Agrionemys

Russian tortoise

Angulate tortoise

†Hadrianus

†Hesperotestudo percrassa

Pancake tortoise

Leopard tortoise

†Stylemys

Testudo

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based onturtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. Key: †=extinct.

Testudines

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Clade:Diapsida
Order:Testudines

Genus

Chelonioidea
(Sea turtles)

Cheloniidae	†Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka
Dermochelyidae	†Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus
	†Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus

Kinosternoidea

Dermatemydidae	Dermatemys
Kinosternidae	Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus

Testudinoidea

Emydidae	†Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys
Geoemydidae	Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys
Platysternidae	Platysternon
Testudinidae	Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo

Trionychia

Carettochelyidae	†Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys
Trionychidae	Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx
	†Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes

Chelydridae	Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra
†Nanhsiungchelyidae	†Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys
†Protostegidae	†Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys
	†Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys

Pleurodira

†Araripemydidae	†Araripemys
†Bothremydidae	†Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah
Chelidae	Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys
Pelomedusidae	Pelomedusa Pelusios
Podocnemididae	†Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys
†Sahonachelyidae	†Sahonachelys †Sokatra

	†Caribemys †Caririemys †Tacuarembemys

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based onTurtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct.

See alsoList of Testudines families

Taxon identifiers
Chelonoidis darwini	Wikidata:Q2854422 CoL:TVL7 GBIF:7758793 iNaturalist:146003 ITIS:949451 IUCN:9020 NCBI:106726 Open Tree of Life:564318 RD:darwini
Testudo darwini	Wikidata:Q50380515 GBIF:2441592 IRMNG:10782847

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