Sanjay Gandhi | |
|---|---|
 Gandhi on a 1981stamp of India | |
| Member of Parliament,Lok Sabha | |
| In office 18 January 1980 (1980-01-18) – 23 June 1980 (1980-06-23) | |
| Preceded by | Ravindra Pratap Singh |
| Succeeded by | Rajiv Gandhi |
| Constituency | Amethi,Uttar Pradesh |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1946-12-14)14 December 1946[1] |
| Died | 23 June 1980(1980-06-23) (aged 33) New Delhi, Delhi, India |
| Cause of death | Aircraft accident |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Varun Gandhi (son) |
| Parents |
|
| Relatives | Rajiv Gandhi (brother) SeeNehru–Gandhi family |
| Residence | 12, Willingdon Crescent, New Delhi |
| Occupation | Politician |
Sanjay Gandhi (14 December 1946 – 23 June 1980)[1] was an Indian politician. He was a member of theLok Sabha and was the younger son ofIndira Gandhi andFeroze Gandhi.
During his lifetime, he was widely expected to succeed his mother as head of theIndian National Congress andPrime Minister of India, but following his death in a plane crash, his elder brotherRajiv became their mother's political heir and succeeded her asPrime Minister of India and President of the party afterher assassination. His wifeManeka Gandhi and sonVarun Gandhi are politicians in theBharatiya Janata Party.
Gandhi was born inNew Delhi, on 14 December 1946, as the younger son ofIndira Gandhi andFeroze Gandhi. Like his elder brotherRajiv, Gandhi was educated atSt. Columba's School, Delhi,Welham Boys' School,Dehra Dun and then at theDoon School,Dehra Dun. Gandhi was also educated at theEcole D'Humanité, an international boarding school in Switzerland.[2] Gandhi did not attend university, but took up automotive engineering as a career and underwent an apprenticeship withRolls-Royce inCrewe,England for three years.[3][4] He was very interested in sports cars. In 1976, he obtained a pilot's licence and won several prizes in aerobatics.[5]
In 1971,Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi's cabinet proposed producing an affordable, locally made car for India's middle class. In June 1971, a company known as Maruti Motors Limited (nowMaruti Suzuki) was incorporated under the Companies Act, and Sanjay Gandhi became its managing director despite having no previous experience, design proposals, or links with any corporation. Indira Gandhi faced criticism, but the victory over Pakistan in the1971 Bangladesh Liberation War shifted public focus.[4] The company did not produce any vehicles during his lifetime. A test model put out as a showpiece to demonstrate progress was criticised. Public perception turned against Gandhi, and many began to speculate about growing corruption. Gandhi then contactedVolkswagen AG from West Germany for a possible collaboration, transfer of technology and joint production of the Indian version of the "People's Car", to emulate Volkswagen's worldwide success with theBeetle. During the emergency, Gandhi became active in politics and the Maruti project went on the back burner. There were accusations of nepotism and corruption. Finally, theJanata Government came to power in 1977 and "Maruti Limited" was liquidated.[6] A commission was set up by the new government headed by JusticeAlak Chandra Gupta which gave a very critical report of the Maruti affair.[7] A year after his death in 1980, and at the behest of Indira, the Union government salvaged Maruti Limited and started looking for an active collaborator for a new company. Maruti Udyog Ltd. was incorporated in the same year through the efforts of Nehru Gandhi family friend and industrial doyenV. Krishnamurthy.[8] The Japanese companySuzuki was also contacted to present the design and feasibility of their car to be manufactured in India. When Suzuki learned that the Government of India had contacted Volkswagen as well, it did everything to pip the German company in the race to produce India's first People's Car (Maruti 800).[citation needed] It provided the government a feasible design of their 'Model 796', which was also successful in Japan and East Asian countries.
In 1974, the opposition-led protests and strikes had caused a widespread disturbance in many parts of the country and badly affected the government and the economy. On 25 June 1975 following an adverse court decision against her,Indira Gandhi declared anational emergency, suspended elections, censored the press and suspended some constitutional freedoms for national security purposes. Non-Congress governments throughout the country were dismissed. Thousands of people, including severalIndian independence activists likeJaya Prakash Narayan andJivatram Kripalani, who were against the Emergency were arrested.
In the extremely hostile political environment just before and soon after the Emergency, Gandhi rose in importance as Indira's adviser. With the defections of former loyalists, Gandhi's influence with Indira and the government increased dramatically, although he was never in an official or elected position. According toMark Tully, "His inexperience did not stop him from using the power his mother, Indira, had taken to terrorise the administration, setting up what was in effect a police state."[9]
It was said that during the Emergency, he virtually ran India along with his friends, especiallyBansi Lal.[10] It was also quipped that Gandhi had total control over his mother and that the government was run by the PMH (Prime Minister House) rather than the PMO (Prime Minister Office).[11][12][13] He "recruited into the party thousands of younger people, who used threats and force to intimidate rivals and those who opposed Mrs Gandhi's authority or his own."[14]
During the emergency, Indira declared a 20-point economic programme for development. Sanjay also declared his own much shorter five points programme promoting:
Later during the emergency Sanjay's programme was merged with Indira's 20-point programme to make a combined twenty-five point programme.[15]
Out of the five points, Sanjay is now chiefly remembered for the family planning initiative that attracted much notoriety and caused longterm harm to population control in India.[16][17]
Although he had not been elected and held no office, Sanjay began exercising his newfound influence with Cabinet ministers, high-level government officials and police officers. While many Cabinet ministers and officials resigned in protest,[18] Sanjay reportedly appointed their successors.
In one famous example,Inder Kumar Gujral resigned from theMinistry of Information and Broadcasting when Sanjay attempted to direct the affairs of his ministry and give him orders. Gujral is reported to have angrily rebuked Sanjay and refused to take orders from an unelected person.[18] Gujral was replaced byVidya Charan Shukla, a Sanjay Gandhi acolyte. In another incident, after popularBollywood singerKishore Kumar refused to sing at a function of theIndian Youth Congress, his songs were banned onAll India Radio upon Gandhi's insistence.[19]
Sanjay stood for his first election to theIndian parliament following the lifting of the Emergency in March 1977. This election saw the crushing defeat of not only Sanjay in his constituency ofAmethi but also the wiping out of Indira's Congress party throughout Northern India. However, Sanjay won Amethi for theCongress(I) in the next general election held in January 1980.
Just one month before his death, he was appointed secretary general of the Congress Party in May 1980.[20]
Sanjay Gandhi and Brij Vardhan, accompanied byJagmohan the vice-chairman ofDelhi Development Authority (DDA), was reportedly irked during his visit toTurkman Gate inold Delhi area that he couldn't see the grand oldJama Masjid because of the maze of tenements. On 13 April 1976, the DDA team bulldozed the tenements. Police resorted to firing to quell the demonstrations opposing the destruction. The firing resulted in at least 150 deaths. Over 70,000 people were displaced during this episode. The displaced inhabitants were moved to a new undeveloped housing site across theYamuna river.[21]
In September 1976, Sanjay Gandhi initiated a widespreadcompulsory sterilisation programme to limit population growth. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the programme is somewhat disputed, with some writers[22][23][24][25] holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism, and other writers[26] blaming the officials who implemented the programme rather than Gandhi himself. Most notable wasUttawar forced sterilisations on November 6, 1976, when mass vasectomy of nearly 800 men of Uttawar village,Palwal district, Haryana was carried out.[27]
David Frum andVinod Mehta state that the sterilisation programmes were initiated at the behest of theIMF and theWorld Bank:
Forced sterilisation was by far the most calamitous exercise undertaken during the Emergency. The IMF and World Bank had periodically shared their fears with New Delhi about the uncontrolled rise in population levels. India’s democracy was a hurdle: no government could possibly enact laws limiting the number of children a couple could have without incurring punishment at the ballot box. But with democracy suspended, the IMF and World Bank encouraged Indira to pursue the programme with renewed vigour. Indira and Sanjay, the self-styled socialists, inflicting on Indians the humiliation of forced sterilisation in order to appease western loan sharks: the irony was lost on them. Socialism, like much else, had been reduced to a slogan.
— David Frum, reviewingThe Sanjay Story byVinod Mehta[28]
Sanjay Gandhi escaped an assassination attempt in March 1977.[29] Unknown gunmen fired at his car about 300 metres south-east ofNew Delhi during his election campaign.[29]
After losing the 1977 general election, the Congress party split again with Indira Gandhi floating her own Congress(I) faction. She won a by-election from theChikmagalur Constituency to theLok Sabha in November 1978.[30][31][32] However, the Janata government's Home Minister,Charan Singh, ordered her and Sanjay arrested on several charges, none of which would be easy to prove in an Indian court. The arrest meant that Indira Gandhi was automatically expelled from Parliament. However, this strategy backfired disastrously. Her arrest and long-running trial gained her great sympathy from many people.
Kissa Kursi Ka is a satirical film directed byAmrit Nahata that lampooned Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi. The film was submitted to theCensor Board for certification in April 1975. The film had lampooned Sanjay Gandhi's car manufacturing plans, besides Congress supporters like SwamiDhirendra Brahmachari, private secretary to Indira GandhiR.K. Dhawan, andRukhsana Sultana. The board sent the film to a seven-member revising committee, which further sent it to the Government. Subsequently, a show-cause notice raising 51 objections was sent to the producer by the Information and Broadcasting ministry. In his reply submitted on 11 July 1975, Nahata stated that the characters were "imaginary and do not refer to any political party or persons". By the time,the Emergency had already been declared.[33]
Subsequently, all the prints and the master-print of the film at Censor Board office were picked up and brought to Maruti factory inGurgaon where they were burned. The subsequentShah Commission, established in 1977 by the Janata party led Government of India, to enquire into excesses committed in the Indian Emergency found Sanjay guilty of burning the negative, along withV. C. Shukla, Information and Broadcasting minister during the emergency.[33][34] The legal case ran for 11 months, and the court gave its judgment on 27 February 1979. Both Sanjay Gandhi and Shukla were sentenced to a two-year plus a month prison sentence. Sanjay Gandhi was denied bail. In his judgment, District Judge, O. N. Vohra atTis Hazari in Delhi, found the accused guilty of "criminal conspiracy, breach of trust, mischief by fire, dishonestly receiving criminal property, concealing stolen property and disappearance of evidence".[35] The verdict was later overturned.[33][34]
The Janata coalition under prime ministerMorarji Desai was only united by its disdain for Indira Gandhi's authoritarianism. The party included right wing Hindu Nationalists, Socialists and former Congress party members. With little in common, the Morarji Desai government was bogged down by infighting. In 1979, the government started to unravel over the issue of dual loyalties of some members to Janata and theRSS. The ambitious Union Finance minister,Charan Singh, who as the Union Home Minister during the previous year had ordered arrest of Gandhi, took advantage of this and started courting different Congress factions including Congress (I). After a significant exodus from Janata party to Charan Singh faction, Morarji Desai resigned as prime minister in July 1979. Charan Singh was appointed prime minister, by President Reddy, after Indira and Sanjay promised Singh that Congress(I) would support his government from outside on certain conditions.[36][37] The conditions included dropping all charges against Indira and Sanjay. Since Charan Singh refused to drop the charges, Congress withdrew its support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in August 1979.
Before the1980 elections Gandhi approached the thenShahi Imam ofJama Masjid,Syed Abdullah Bukhari and entered into an agreement with him on the basis of 10-point programme to secure the support of the Muslim votes.[38] In the elections held in January, Congress returned to power with a landslide majority.[citation needed]
The Congress(I) under Gandhi swept to power in January 1980.[39] Elections soon after to legislative assemblies in States ruled by opposition parties brought back Congress ministries to those states. Sanjay Gandhi at that time selected his own loyalists to head the governments in these states.[40]
Gandhi marriedManeka Anand, who was 10 years his junior, inNew Delhi on 24 September 1974.[41] Their son,Varun, was born shortly before Gandhi's death.[20] According to Maneka, Sanjay wanted to raise his children in theZoroastrian faith of his paternal family.[42]
At 8:10 a.m. on 23 June 1980, Gandhi lost control of his aeroplane while performing anaerobatic manoeuvre and crashed in theDiplomatic Enclave of New Delhi. Captain Subhash Saxena, the only other passenger, also died. Gandhi's body was recovered and cremated as per Hindu rituals.[20][43][44]
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Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his personal fiefdom, and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimised. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented programme of forced sterilisation.
Sanjay Gandhi's rash promotion of sterilisation and forcibleclearance of slums ... sparked popular anger
The Congress, on the other hand, charges Sanjay Gandhi of "over enthusiasm" in dealing with certain programmes and ... "Unfortunately, in certain spheres, over enthusiasm led to compulsion in enforcement of certain programmes like compulsory sterilisation and clearance of slums. Sanjay Gandhi had by then emerged as a leader of great significance.".
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