| Sanjak of Smederevo Semendire Sancağı Смедеревски санџак Smederevski sandžak | |
|---|---|
| Sanjak of theOttoman Empire | |
| 1459–1688 1699–1718 1739–1788 1791–1804 1813–1817 | |
 The Pashalik of Belgrade in 1791 | |
| Capital | |
| Government | |
| Sanjakbey | |
• 1462–1507 | Ali Beg Mihaloglu (first) |
• 1815–1817 | Marashli Ali Pasha |
| History | |
• Fall of theSerbian Despotate | 1459 |
• Autonomy of thePrincipality of Serbia | 1817 |
| Today part of | Serbia |
TheSanjak of Smederevo,[a] also known in historiography as thePashalik of Belgrade,[a] was anOttoman administrative unit (sanjak) centered onSmederevo, that existed between the 15th and the outset of the 19th centuries. It was located in the territory of present-dayCentral Serbia.
The sanjak belonged toRumelia Eyalet between 1459 and 1541, and again between 1716 and 1717 and again 1739 and 1817 (nominally to 1830), toBudin Eyalet between 1541 and 1686, and toTemeșvar Eyalet between 1686 and 1688 and again between 1690 and 1716.
During the governorship ofHadji Mustafa Pasha (1793–1801), the administration was expanded eastwards to include theKladovo area, until then part of theSanjak of Vidin.[1]
The Sanjak of Smederevo was formed after the fall of theSerbian Despotate in 1459, and its administrative seat was Smederevo, at the time defended by imposingSmederevo Fortress. Ottoman sources note a migration of "Vlachs" (pastoralists) to the Sanjak of Smederevo and parts of theSanjak of Kruševac andSanjak of Vidin; in 1476 there were 7,600Vlach households and 15,000 peasant households.[2] In the 1470s, because of the fighting with the Hungarians many areas in northern Serbia were deserted. Ottomans started to colonize that area, with Vlachs as a military element, and this colonization includes entire territory of the Sanjak of Smederevo, most of Sanjak of Kruševac and Vidin. Vlachs to that area coming fromBosnia,Herzegovina,Montenegro and fromStari Vlah (İstari Eflak) region in the southwestern Serbia.[3][4]
After theOttoman conquest ofBelgrade in 1521,[5] the administrative seat of the Sanjak was moved to this city, while the name of the Sanjak remained unchanged.[6] In this period when theBattle of Mohács took place the sanjakbey of Smederevo was Kučuk Bali-beg.[7] Ottoman campaigns against Hungary in 16th century reduced part of the population which migrated to the Hungarian territory, according to tax registrations from 1476 and 1516 about 17% villages were abandoned. Ottoman resettle abandoned lands with populations from neighboring district which were mostly semi-nomadic Vlach groups from area ofBosnia,Hercegovina,Montenegro, and Stari Vlah in Serbia. Vlachs made up 15% of the population in Smederevo in 1516.[8] According to Noel Malcolm in Ottomandefters from 16th century, in Smederevo area there were about 82,000 of mostly Vlach families.[9]Benedikt Kuripešić in the 16th century noted that (Orthodox) Serbs "who call themselves Vlachs" moved from Smederevo and Belgrade to Bosnia and are part of three peoples inhabiting Bosnia alongside (Muslim) "Turks" and (Catholic) old Bosniaks.[10]
During theGreat Turkish War (1683–1699), Habsburg forcestook Belgrade in 1688, and seized much of the Sanjak of Smederevo, thus creating theHabsburg-occupied Serbia, but already in 1690 the Ottomansre-captured Belgrade and also reconquered the rest of the Smederevo sanjak.[11]
In 1717, the Sanjak was again occupied byAustria, to which it was ceded in 1718 following theTreaty of Požarevac.[12] The Sanjak of Smederevo remained under Austrian rule for 20 years, as theKingdom of Serbia, until it was reconquered by the Ottomans following theAustro-Turkish War (1737–1739) and theTreaty of Belgrade. Belgrade, the center of the region while under Austrian rule, became neglected under the Ottomans whereas Smederevo (Semendire) regained its former role as an administrative center.[13] Nevertheless, Belgrade eventually became the seat of apasha with the title ofvizier.
In 1788,Koča's frontier rebellion saw easternŠumadija occupied by Austrian Serbianfreikorps andhajduks. From 1788 to 1791, Belgrade was again under Austrian rule after Koča's rebellion. TheSiege of Belgrade from 15 September to 8 October 1789, a Habsburg Austrian force besieged the fortress of Belgrade. The Austrians held the city until 1791 when it handed Belgrade back to the Ottomans according to the terms of theTreaty of Sistova.
In 1793 and 1796 SultanSelim III proclaimedfirmans which gave more rights to Serbs. Among other things, taxes were to be collected by theobor-knez (dukes); freedom of trade and religion were granted and there was peace.Selim III also decreed that some unpopularjanissaries were to leave the Belgrade Pashaluk as he saw them as a threat to the central authority ofHadji Mustafa Pasha. Many of those janissaries were employed by or found refuge withOsman Pazvantoğlu, a renegade opponent of SultanSelim III in theSanjak of Vidin. Fearing the dissolution of the Janissary command in the Sanjak of Smederevo, Osman Pazvantoğlu launched a series of raids against Serbians without the permission of Sultan Selim III, causing much volatility and fear in the region.[14] Pazvantoğlu was defeated in 1793 by the Serbs at theBattle of Kolari.[15]
In the summer of 1797 the sultan appointed Mustafa Pasha on position ofbeglerbeg ofRumelia Eyalet and he left Serbia forPlovdiv to fight against the Vidin rebels of Pazvantoğlu.[16] During the absence of Mustafa Pasha, the forces of Pazvantoğlu capturedPožarevac and besieged theBelgrade fortress.[17] At the end of November 1797 obor-knezesAleksa Nenadović,Ilija Birčanin andNikola Grbović from Valjevo brought their forces to Belgrade and forced the besieging janissary forces to retreat toSmederevo.[18][19] By 1799 the janissary corps had returned, as they were pardoned by Sultan's decree, and they immediately suspended the Serbian autonomy and drastically increased taxes, enforcing martial law in Serbia.
On 15 December 1801, the popularVizier of BelgradeHadji Mustafa Pasha, a trusted ally of Selim III, was murdered byKučuk Alija. Alija was one of the four leadingDahijas, Janissary commanders who were opposed to the Sultan's reforms.[20][21] This resulted in the Sanjak of Smederevo being ruled by these renegadejanissaries independently from the Ottoman government. Several district chiefs were murdered in theSlaughter of the Knezes on February 4, 1804, by the renegade janissaries. This sparked theFirst Serbian Uprising (1804–13), the first phase of theSerbian Revolution. After thePashalik of Belgrade fell back to the Ottoman rule, various acts of violence and confiscation of people's properties took place. Islamized Serbs and Albanians especially took part in such actions.[22] Despite suppression of the uprising in 1813 andHadži Prodan's Revolt in 1814, theSecond Serbian Uprising led by DukeMiloš Obrenović succeeded with creation of semi-independentPrincipality of Serbia in 1817 (confirmed withFerman fromMahmud II in 1830), gained independence in 1878 byTreaty of San Stefano and evolved toKingdom of Serbia in 1882. This marked the end of the Sanjak.
The population of the Sanjak of Smederevo was composed by Christians, known asRaja, and by Muslims. The latter were divided into two categories, theErlije and theSipahis. TheErlije were South Slavic Muslims, originating either from local converts or fromBosniaks,Albanians, or populations of other origins. TheSipahis formed the second category and played a crucial role within the Ottomantimar system.[23][24] As such, the Muslim population of the Sandjak was made up mostly of villagers, but also feudals, soldiers, officials, some of whom belonged to the highest social class who worked in the Ottoman administration.[25]
The proportion of Muslims fell considerably at the end of the 17th century and in the first half of the 18th century, after a major influx of Serbs (Christians) from outlying territories, mostly fromDinaric areas.[1]
The Sanjak of Smederevo was one of six Ottoman sanjaks with most developedshipbuilding (besides sanjaks ofVidin,Nicopolis,Požega,Zvornik andMohač).[26]
Turkish sources declare that a wave of Vlah herdsmen flowed into Smederevo sandzak and a large part of Krusevac and Vidin sandzak
Brat je Kučuk bali-bega koji je u vreme Mohačke bitke bio beg Smedereva.
U leto 1797. sultan ga je imenovao za rumeliskog begler-bega i Mustafa je otišao u Plovdiv, da rukovodi akcijom protiv buntovnika iz Vidina i u Rumeliji.
Za vreme njegova otsutstva vidinski gospodar sa janičarima naredio je brz napad i potukao je srpsku i pašinu vojsku kod Požarevca, pa je prodro sve do Beograda i zauzeo samu varoš.
Ваљевски кнезови Алекса Ненадовић, Илија Бирчанин и Никола Грбовић довели су своју војску у Београд и учествовали у оштрој борби са јаничарима који су се побеђени повукли.
Pred sam Božić stigoše u pomoć valjevski Srbi i sa njihovom pomoću turska gradska posada odbi napadače i očisti grad. Ilija Birčanin gonio je "Vidinlije" sve do Smedereva.
janjičari ga 15. decembra 1801. ubiše u beogradskom gradu. Potom uzeše vlast u svoje ruke, spremni da je brane svima sredstvima. Kao glavne njihove vođe istakoše se četiri dahije: Kučuk Alija, pašin ubica, Aganlija, Mula Jusuf i Mehmed-aga Fočić.
Ипак градња бродова се посебно везивала за шест санџака: никопољски, видински, смедеревски, зворнички, пожешки и мохачки.
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Modern names in parentheses |
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