The accepted etymology is that the name "Sandusky" is derived from theWyandot wordsaundustee, meaning "water"[7][8] orandusti, "cold water".[9] In his 1734 history ofNew France,Charlevoix transliterated the word as "Chinouski".Sandusky Bay, formed at the mouth of theSandusky River, is identified as "Lac (Lake) Sandouské" on a 1718 map by Guillaume DeLisle.[10] The name "L.(Lac) Sandoski" appears on a 1733 map.[11] Sandusky Bay was also calledLac Ondaské, in another French transliteration of the Wyandot.[12]
The river and bay gave rise to a number of eponymous forts and settlements along their shores. These consisted of the short-lived English trading post Fort Sandusky north of the bay, the FrenchFort Sandoské that replaced it, the BritishFort Sandusky on the south shore of the bay, the American Fort Sandusky (laterFort Stephenson) upriver at Lower Sandusky (now known asFremont, Ohio), as well as theWyandot Indian village ofUpper Sandusky farther upriver.[12]
Another, less accepted etymologic version claims that the city's name goes back to a Polish–American trader and frontiersman namedAnthony Sadowski, a neighbor of the Boone family and co-founder of Amity village. He was employed by the governor of then British Pennsylvania as a trader and interpreter, speaking several Indian languages, especially Iroquois. He moved to the Pennsylvania frontier in January 1712 and could easily have made it to Lake Erie by 1718 to establish a trading post. One genealogical line of his descendants is actually called "Sandusky".[citation needed]
This area was a center of trading and fortifications since the 18th century: the English, French, and Americans had trading posts and forts built on both the north and south sides of Sandusky Bay.[12]
Development by European Americans of the city of Sandusky, starting in 1818, on the southeast shore of Sandusky Bay, followed settlement of the war of 1812. Part of the city quickly enveloped the site of an earlier small village named Portland (established about 1816). Sandusky was incorporated as a city in 1824.[14] Eventually the city of Sandusky encompassed most of the entire township that had been called Portland.[15] Some of the city was built on land formerly occupied by a Native American man named Ogontz, and therefore the city is said to have been built on "Ogontz' place".
Sandusky's rise in the 19th century was heavily influenced by its location at the head of Sandusky Bay. This made it a key point both for the movement of goods and for the movement of people. The mild climate caused by its proximity to Lake Erie also caused it to become the center of Ohio's wine industry. The presence of limestone was also important in its development. It was also a key location for ice harvesting in the 19th century.[16] Lumber transport, stone quarrying and, in the early 20th century, manufacturing, have all contributed to the city's economic development.
Sandusky's original plat was designed by surveyor Hector Kilbourne according to a modifiedgrid plan, known today as the Kilbourne Plat. Kilbourne later became the first Worshipful Master of the first Sandusky Masonic Lodge, known as Science Lodge #50, still in operation on Wayne Street. His design featured a street grid with avenues cutting diagonally to create patterns reminiscent of the symbols ofFreemasonry.
On September 17, 1835, Sandusky was the site of groundbreaking for theMad River and Lake Erie Railroad, which brought change to the town. Industrial areas developed near the railroad and goods were transported through the port. The coal docks located west of downtown still use a portion of the original MR&LE right-of-way. In 1838,Erie County, Ohio was formed by the state legislature and Sandusky was designated the county seat. This led to the foundation of a court house and Sandusky becoming a regional government center.[17] In 1846 Sandusky had a population of approximately 3,000 people. At that point Sandusky had two railroads and was also a main focus of lake traffic. The town then consisted of many stores, two printing offices, two machine shops, two banks, six churches, one high school, and several iron furnaces.[18]
The English authorCharles Dickens visited the city in 1842, and briefly wrote of it in his subsequent travelogue,American Notes. Said Dickens, who rode the newly constructed MR&LE railroad fromTiffin:
At two o'clock we took the railroad; the travelling-on which was very slow, its construction being indifferent, and the ground wet and marshy; and arrived at Sandusky in time to dine that evening. We put up at a comfortable little hotel on the brink of Lake Erie, lay there that night, and had no choice but to wait there next day, until a steamboat bound forBuffalo appeared. The town, which was sluggish and uninteresting enough, was something like the back of an English watering-place out of the season.
By 1880, Sandusky had risen to a population of 16,000. There were then 20 churches and three newspapers in the community. The city boasted 29 businesses with at least 10 employees. Products being produced included lime, railroad locomotives and cars, carriages, wheels, crayons, chalk, beer, paper, baskets, and tools.[18] By 1886 Sandusky was the center of wood wheel manufacture in the United States. It was also the location of the Ohio State Fish hatchery and the Ohio Soldiers and Sailor's Home.[18]
The city developed as a center of paper-making. With a mill in the industrial area near the lake, theHinde & Dauch Paper Company was the largest employer in the city in the early 1900s.
As the 20th century progressed, the economy of Sandusky came to focus mainly on tourism and fishing. Since the late 20th century, Battery Park Marina was developed on the original site of the MR&LE Railroad after restructuring of the industry reduced traffic on the line. The tracks that ran through downtown Sandusky have since been removed. Most of the downtown industrial area is also being redeveloped for other purposes, including mainlymarina dockage.
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 21.91 square miles (56.75 km2), of which 9.73 square miles (25.20 km2) is land and 12.18 square miles (31.55 km2) is water.[19]
Sandusky occupies thedefunct township Portland[20] and borders the following townships:
Sandusky has ahumid continental climate (Köppen climate classificationDfa), typical of the Midwestern United States, with warm summers and cold winters. Winters tend to be cold, with an average January high temperature of 32 °F (0 °C), and an average January low temperature of 19 °F (−7 °C), with considerable variation in temperatures. Sandusky averages 23.3 inches (59 cm) of snow per winter.[21] Summers tend to be warm with an average July high temperature of 82 °F (28 °C), and an average July low temperature of 66 °F (19 °C). Summer weather is more stable, generally humid withthunderstorms.Fall usually is the driest season with many clear warm days and cool nights.
The highest recorded temperature in Sandusky of 105 °F (41 °C) was set on July 14, 1936, and the lowest recorded temperature of −20 °F (−29 °C) was set on January 19, 1994.[22]
Climate data for Sandusky, Ohio (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1896–present)
Historically, the Wyandot used the term andoske to refer to the river, the bay, and the general area where the city of "Sandusky" later developed. This practice was also used by French and English settlers in the area. Often in historical documents, the word "Sandusky" is used without clarification as to which specific site or location is being referred to. Historical references to "Sandusky" might mean any one of the following locations, depending also on the date of the reference.[26]
List of locations, with approximate dates of usage:
Sandusky/Sandusky City - about 1817* to present, village/city on southeast side of Sandusky Bay (*-any "Sandusky" reference dated prior to 1817 would not refer to this village, as it was not officially established by this name until 1818).
Sandusky Bay - 1700 to present; early variants were "(Lac d')Otsanderket", "(Lac d')Otsandoske", "Lake Sandoskė".
Fort Sandusky - various locations: c. 1745, an English trading post on the northern side of the bay. c.1754, a French fort ("Fort Janundat") was built on the southern side of the bay. Later in the French and Indian War, the British built Fort Sandusky on the southeastern side of Sandusky Bay. From about 1812/1813, this referred to a fort (later called "Fort Stephenson") on the Sandusky River, near present-dayFremont, Ohio.
Lower Sandusky - 1760s to 1849, area or village at the site of what is now the city of Fremont.
Upper Sandusky - 1760s? to present, area or village at the falls, which later developed as the current city ofUpper Sandusky. Upper Sandusky is south of Sandusky and upriver of it. While a common first impression is that "Upper" implies "north of", here "Upper" refers to "upstream", as in upstream of Lake Erie by means of the Sandusky River.
Upper Sandusky Old Town - 1760s? to ?, a historicWyandot (Huron) tribe village, about 12 miles (19 km) north of where the city of Upper Sandusky developed.
As of the2020 census, Sandusky had a population of 25,095 and a median age of 39.5 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18 and 18.4% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 91.2 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 88.1 males age 18 and over.[29]
100.0% of residents lived in urban areas, while 0.0% lived in rural areas.[30]
There were 11,124 households in Sandusky, of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 27.5% were married-couple households, 24.4% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 38.5% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 39.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.[29]
There were 13,351 housing units, of which 16.7% were vacant. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3% and the rental vacancy rate was 9.5%.[29]
As of thecensus[32] of 2010, there were 25,793 people, 11,082 households, and 6,415 families residing in the city. Thepopulation density was 2,650.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,023.5/km2). There were 13,386 housing units at an average density of 1,375.7 units per square mile (531.2 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 70.4%White, 22.0%African American, 0.4%Native American, 0.6%Asian, 1.1% fromother races, and 5.5% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 4.9% of the population.
There were 11,082 households, of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.9% weremarried couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.1% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.93.
The median age in the city was 38.5 years. 23.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.2% were from 25 to 44; 27.7% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.
As of thecensus[3] of 2000, there were 27,844 people, 11,851 households, and 7,039 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,770.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,069.7/km2). There were 13,323 housing units at an average density of 1,325.7 units per square mile (511.9 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 74.50%White, 21.08%African American, 0.29%Native American, 0.26%Asian, 0.01%Pacific Islander, 0.97% fromother races, and 2.88% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 3.09% of the population.
There were 11,851 households, out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.7% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the city the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $31,133, and the median income for a family was $37,749. Males had a median income of $31,269 versus $21,926 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $18,111. About 12.2% of families and 15.3% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 22.7% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.
Sandusky has a tourism industry led by theCedar Pointamusement park, as well as variouswater parks and neighboring islands. It is also noted for being the location of the fictional "Callahan Auto Parts" in the 1995 comedy filmTommy Boy.
Cedar Point is also the only park in the world to have six roller coasters with heights of over 200 feet (61 m). Numerous Cedar Point roller coasters have set world records, the most notable of these beingMagnum XL-200,Millennium Force, andTop Thrill Dragster each having set the record for thetallest full-circuit roller coaster at their respective openings.[37]GateKeeper opened in 2013 with the highest inversion (from ground level) of any roller coaster. As of 2024, the ride has the fifth-highest inversion.[38]Steel Vengeance opened in 2018 as the tallest, fastest, and longesthybrid roller coaster, and the first "hyper-hybrid"roller coaster.[39] As of 2024, the ride remains the longesthybrid roller coaster, but is tied for the second fastest and is the third tallest, surpassed byZadra andIron Gwazi.
Another indoor water park,Great Wolf Lodge, opened in Sandusky in 2001 and features restaurants, arcades, spas, and other children's activities.[40]Kalahari Resorts opened an African safari-themed indoor water park in 2005 that was the largest of its kind at one time.[41] Its hotel is the largest in the state ofOhio.[42] The resort also features an 215,000-square-foot (20,000 m2) convention center.
May through August every year, Sandusky residents and incoming tourists flock to the neighboring islands north of the city, with many transportation options leaving right from downtown. The islands includeKelleys Island,South Bass Island (host of the popular village known asPut-in-Bay),Middle Bass Island andNorth Bass Island.
Themed parties are a common occurrence in the summer season throughout Sandusky and on the neighboring islands, such as "Island Fest", "Rock on the Dock", and "Christmas in July"; thousands of residents and tourists join in the festivities annually.
In 2008, the residents of Sandusky hosted their first annual "Barge Party", where boats from as far as Toledo and Cleveland came to dock up their boats together at the sandbar, just inside Sandusky Bay.[43] The barge party ensues twice every year, typically in late June and late July.[43]
Sandusky is home to several museums and historic homes. These include the Cooke-Dorn House historic site which was the home ofEleutheros Cooke, the Follett House Museum which was the home ofOran Follett, the Maritime Museum of Sandusky, the Merry-Go Round Museum, and the Ohio Veterans Home Museum.[44]
Sandusky operates under acouncil–manager government; there are seven city commissioners elected as a legislature and a mayor who serves as the council's president. All are elected for four-year terms. The council employs a city manager for administration. John Orzech is the current city manager and Katharine L. Vargo is the president of the city commission.[45]
Sandusky is represented byMarcy Kaptur (D-Toledo) in the house. In the Senate, the city is represented byBernie Moreno (R-Ohio) andJon Husted (R-Ohio).
Sandusky Public Schools enroll 3,775 students in publicprimary andsecondary schools.[46] Sandusky City Schools operates six public schools. Sandusky Early Learning Academy, constructed on the grounds of the former Hancock Elementary School, serves Pre-K and Kindergarten students. Sandusky Primary School, constructed on the grounds of the former Ontario Elementary School, serves 1st and 2nd grade students. Sandusky Intermediate School serves grades 3rd through 6th. Sandusky Middle School, serves grades 7th and 8th, which moved to Sandusky High School after the closing of Adams Junior High (formerly served 7th grade) and Jackson Junior High (formerly served 8th grade). Sandusky High School serves 9th through 12th grade students. Sandusky Digital Academy is an alternative school for students who struggle in mainstream classrooms. Sandusky Career Center offers vocational programs for adults, now located at the former Venice Elementary School.
Alternatively,St. Mary Central Catholic High School, a private Roman Catholic school associated with Holy Angels Church, St. Mary's Church, and Sts. Peter & Paul Church, focuses on giving students a faith-centered learning environment. Monroe Prep Academy is a private charter school in downtown Sandusky. Monroe Prep is located in the former Monroe Elementary, which served students in Kindergarten through 6th grade as a part of the Sandusky City Schools District. It is located on E. Monroe St. on Sandusky's East Side.
Sandusky is served by the Sandusky Library, which also operates a branch on Kelleys Island.[47]
The Vacationland region–which encompasses Sandusky–has one locally targeted television station, religiously orientedWGGN-TV channel 52. Sandusky's location between Toledo and Cleveland means that the city is also served by stations (albeit at a fringe level) in both of those markets as well.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection entry site in Sandusky BayMuddy brown water fills Sandusky Bay, just south of Lake Erie in this astronaut photograph.
Sandusky Transit System (STS) runs a full-service transit system across the Greater Sandusky Area. Its located at 1230 N. Depot St.
Blue Line: serves the suburban area, route 250, Sandusky Mall, and Kalahari Resort.Red: Serves the East side and Downtown.Yellow: Cedar Point, Sports Center.Orange: MidtownPurple: Serves the south side.Green: Serves the west side.
Jet Express - Provides seasonal daily service to Kelleys Island, South Bass Island, and Cedar Point which connect toPort Clinton, Ohio. It also provides excursion and cruises. Departs from former Cedar Point pier downtown.
Kevin Randleman (1971–2016), former UFC Heavyweight Champion, two-time Division I NCAA wrestling champion forOhio State University, mixed martial arts fighter