Pʼohwhogeh Ówîngeh | |
|---|---|
 Location of San Ildefonso Pueblo | |
| Total population | |
| 750 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States ( New Mexico) | |
| Languages | |
| Tewa,English | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Tewa |
San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico | |
|---|---|
 Drummers at San Ildefonso Pueblo, 1942.Ansel Adams, photographer | |
 Location of San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico | |
  San Ildefonso Pueblo Location in New Mexico Show map of New Mexico San Ildefonso Pueblo Location in the United States Show map of the United States | |
| Coordinates:35°53′26″N106°07′58″W / 35.89056°N 106.13278°W /35.89056; -106.13278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Mexico |
| County | Santa Fe |
| Area | |
• Total | 4.61 sq mi (11.94 km2) |
| • Land | 4.42 sq mi (11.44 km2) |
| • Water | 0.19 sq mi (0.50 km2) |
| Elevation | 5,528 ft (1,685 m) |
| Population | |
• Total | 624 |
| • Density | 141.3/sq mi (54.55/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 87501 |
| Area code | 505 |
| FIPS code | 35-68010 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2409256[2] |
| Website | www |
San Ildefonso Pueblo | |
| |
| Nearest city | Espanola, New Mexico |
| Area | 46.8 acres (18.9 ha) |
| Built | 1591 (1591) |
| NRHP reference No. | 74001206[4] |
| NMSRCP No. | 230 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | June 20, 1974 |
| Designated NMSRCP | December 30, 1971 |
San Ildefonso Pueblo (Tewa:Pʼohwhogeh Ówîngeh [p’òhxʷógè ʔówîŋgè] "where the water cuts through"[5][6]), also known as theTurquoise Clan,[7] is acensus-designated place (CDP) inSanta Fe County,New Mexico, United States, and a federally recognized tribe, established c. 1300 AD.[8] ThePueblo is self-governing and is part of theSanta Fe, New MexicoMetropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 524 as of the2010 census,[9] reported by the State of New Mexico as 1,524 in 2012,[10] and there were 628 enrolled tribal members reported as of 2012 according to the Department of the Interior.[11] San Ildefonso Pueblo is a member of theEight Northern Pueblos, and thepueblo people are from theTewa ethnic group ofNative Americans, who speak theTewa language.
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the pueblo has a total area of 4.2 square miles (11 km2), of which 3.9 square miles (10 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) (5.54%) is water.
San Ildefonso Pueblo is located at the foot of Black Mesa.
As of thecensus[12] of 2010, there were 524 people residing in the San Ildefonso CDP. The racial makeup was 62.2%Native American, 11.3%White, 21.2% fromother races, and 5.3% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 31.9% of the population. There were 212 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them. As of 2010, the population was distributed with 26.3% under the age of 18, 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older, females comprised 51.7%, and males comprised 48.3% of the population.
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 524 | — | |
| 2020 | 624 | 19.1% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[13][3] | |||
As of 2000, the median income for a household in San Ildefonso was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $30,972. Males had a median income of $19,792 versus $19,250 for females. Theper capita income for the pueblo was $11,039. About 19.1% of families and 14.9% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 50.0% of those age 65 or over.
The administration of the Pueblo of San Ildefonso in 2025 is:
Thepueblo was established around 1300[15] and founded by people who had migrated from theMesa Verde complex in SouthernColorado, by way ofBandelier (elevation about 7000 feet), just south of present-dayLos Alamos, New Mexico. People thrived at Bandelier due to the rainfall and the ease of constructing living structures from the surrounding soft volcanic rock. But after a prolonged drought, the people moved down into the valleys of theRio Grande around 1300 (Pueblo IV Era). The Rio Grande and otherarroyos provided the water for irrigation.
TheSpanishconquistadors tried to subdue the native people and force Catholicism on the native people during the early 17th century, which led to thePueblo Revolt of 1680. The people withstood the Spaniards by climbing to the top of the Black Mesa. The siege ended with the surrender of the native people, but the Spanish gave the native people some freedom of religion and other self-governing rights.
Both the people and the lands of the Pueblo of San Ildefonso were affected by intrusion of Spanish colonists.[15] Due to these encroachments, by the 1760s some native families reported that they had no agricultural lands to support themselves.[15] Part of their lands were restored to San Ildefonso by a 1786 decision of GovernorJuan Bautista de Anza.[15] Mexico took control of the area in 1821, and later the United States gained control in 1848 following theTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Congress created the modern reservation in 1858 confirming a grant of 17,292 acres of land to the pueblo, and the grant was patented in 1864.[15]
By the time the land was patented under the laws of the United States in 1864, there were only 161 pueblo members left.[16] A smallpox outbreak in 1918 took the population below 100.[16] The people of San Ildefonso continued to lead an agricultural based economy until the early 20th century whenMaria Martinez and her husbandJulian Martinez rediscovered how to make the Black-on-Blackpottery for which San Ildefonso Pueblo would soon become famous. From that time the Pueblo has become more tourist-oriented, with numerous tourist shops. Because of close proximity to the state capital, Santa Fe, and the presence of theLos Alamos National Laboratory, many of those employed in the pueblo have state or federal government jobs.
San Ildefonso is governed by a civil government consisting of an executive branch (the governor) and a legislative branch (the tribal council).[17]
The pueblo has experienced political controversy in recent years with significant appeals to theBureau of Indian Affairs. In 2011, former pueblo Lt. GovernorPaul D. Rainbird was sentenced to 33 months on federal charges of illegal trafficking in contraband cigarettes.[18] In 2012, the Interior Board of Indian Appeals vacated BIA decisions to acknowledge the results of an election for Governor of the Pueblo of San Ildefonso for the 2008/09 term which had resulted in the governorship ofLeon Roybal.[19]
In 2012, thePueblo adopted a new constitution through general election overseen by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. One of the results of the new constitution is that, for the first time, women are allowed to run for tribal council positions.[20][21] To date, there is no publicly available copy of the newly adopted constitution.[22] The 1996 San Ildefonso Code is the most recent available copy of local laws governing the pueblo.[23]
The San Ildefonso Pueblo Enterprise Corporation (SIPEC) is a federally chartered Section 17 Corporation which is wholly owned by the Pueblo de San Ildefonso.[24] SIPEC is charged with working with companies and individuals who share a vision of utilizing the Pueblo's strategic location for fostering economic and job growth for the Pueblo de San Ildefonso.
It is zoned toPojoaque Valley Public Schools.[25]Pojoaque Valley High School is the zoned comprehensive high school.
TheBureau of Indian Education operates the San Ildefonso Day School, an elementary school, in the pueblo.[26]
The people of San Ildefonso have a strong sense of identity and retain ancient ceremonies and rituals tenaciously, as well as tribal dances.[5] While many of these ceremonies and rituals are closely guarded, San Ildefonso Feast Day is open to the public every January 23.[27] Other dances open to the public include Corn Dance, which occurs in the early to mid-part of September, and dances at Easter.[28]
There was an art movement called theSan Ildefonso Self-Taught Group, which included such noted artists asAlfonso Roybal,Tonita Peña,Julian Martinez,Abel Sanchez, Crecencio Martinez, andJose Encarnacion Peña.[29]
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
| Reservations | |
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| Pueblos | |
Municipalities and communities ofSanta Fe County, New Mexico,United States | ||
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| Cities |  | |
| Town | ||
| CDPs |
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| Other communities | ||
| Ghost town | ||
| Indian reservation | ||
| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
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