San Bernardino was named in 1810, when Spanish priestFrancisco Dumetz led an expedition through the area. In 1839, the Mexican government grantedCalifornio rancheroJosé del Carmen Lugo the right to settle the area, which was formalized when he was grantedRancho San Bernardino in 1842. Following the AmericanConquest of California, the largely unsettled rancho was purchased byMormon settlers who founded the town of San Bernardino in 1851,[8] later incorporated as a city in 1854.[9] After most of the Mormons left in 1857, the city grew significantly in the late 19th century as a commercial hub at the crossroads between Southern California and theAmerican Southwest. Today, San Bernardino is an important hub for the Inland Empire and Southern California. The governments ofEl Salvador,Guatemala, and Mexico have established the metropolitan area's only consulates in thedowntown area.[10][11] Furthermore, the city'sUniversity District serves as acollege town, as home toCalifornia State University, San Bernardino.
The city of San Bernardino, California, occupies much of theSan Bernardino Valley, a valley long inhabited by theTongva. Several of their villages dotted the San Bernardino valley prior to the arrival of Europeans in the valley.Kaawchama was perhaps the most significant in the region, being a regional center for trade that was connected to villages inSouthern California and theColorado River through theMohave Trail, that was used by theMohave,Serrano,Cahuilla,Payomkawichum, and others.[12][13] The village was located in the eastern expanse ofTovaangar, and was established along theSanta Ana River.[12]
With the establishment ofMission San Gabriel in 1771,Spanish missionaries traveling through the area expressed a desire to establish a supply station in the area, which became theGuachama Rancheria.[13] The settlement was also referred to asPolitana and became the first Spanish settlement in what they referred to as San Bernardino Valley, named forBernardino of Siena, being established in 1810 as a mission chapel and supply station by theMission San Gabriel.[14]: 37–41
Two years later the settlement was destroyed by local tribesmen, following powerful earthquakes that shook the region. Several years later, theSerrano andMountain Cahuilla rebuilt theGuachama Rancheria, and in 1819 invited the missionaries to return to the valley. They did and established theSan Bernardino de Sena Estancia. Serrano and Cahuilla people inhabited Politana until long after the 1830s decree of secularization and the 1842 inclusion into theRancho San Bernardino land grant of theJosé del Carmen Lugo family.[14]: 37–41
View of San Bernardino in 1852Downtown San Bernardino in 1905
The area was not largely settled until 1851, following the AmericanConquest of California. The firstAnglo-American colony was established by pioneers associated withthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1851.[15] San Bernardino County was formed in 1853 from parts ofLos Angeles County. Mormons laid out the town based on the "City of Zion" plan which was typical of Mormon urban planning.[16] Mormon colonists developed irrigated, commercial farming and lumbering, supplying agricultural produce and lumber throughout Southern California.
The city was officially incorporated in 1857.[citation needed] Later that year, most of the colonists were recalled byBrigham Young in 1857 due to theUtah War. Once highly regarded in early California, news of theMountain Meadows Massacre poisoned attitudes toward the Mormons. Some Mormons would stay in San Bernardino and some later returned fromUtah, but a real estate consortium fromEl Monte and Los Angeles bought most of the lands of the old rancho and of the departing colonists. They sold these lands to new settlers who came to dominate the culture and politics in the county and San Bernardino became a typical American frontier town. Many of the new land owners disliked the sober Mormons, indulging in drinking at saloons now allowed in the town. Disorder, fighting and violence in the vicinity became common, reaching a climax in the 1859 Ainsworth - Gentry Affair.
Near San Bernardino is a naturally formed arrowhead-shaped rock formation on the side of a mountain. It measures 1375 feet by 449 feet. According to the Native American legend regarding the landmark arrowhead, an arrow from Heaven burned the formation onto the mountainside in order to show tribes where they could be healed. During the mid-19th century, "Dr." David Noble Smith claimed that a saint-like being appeared before him and told of a far-off land with exceptional climate and curative waters, marked by a gigantic arrowhead. Smith's search for that unique arrowhead formation began in Texas, and eventually ended at Arrowhead Springs in California in 1857.[citation needed]
In a 2007 report inThe California Geographer, however,California State University, San Bernardino geography professor Norman Meek noted that the first direct record of the feature appeared in an 1864 photograph taken shortly after the establishment of the health resort by David Noble Smith at the hot springs. No mention of the arrowhead appears in any records of Spanish travelers in the area in the 18th or early 19th centuries, nor in records of Mormon settlement in the area in the 1850s, nor in the first scientific geological survey conducted in the area of the feature in 1853. Meek conducted analysis of soil samples, finding no significant difference in substrate composition of arrowhead itself compared to its surroundings aside from increased traces offire retardant chemicals used for wildfire control, casting doubt on the hypothesis that the feature could be explained as a purely natural formation. Based on this, and the sudden increase in reports and purported legends of the arrowhead in late 19th century reporting and advertising for the resort, Meek contended that "the arrowhead may be a human-made advertisement created sometime in the late 1850s or early 1860s, perhaps by the founder of the hot springs resort". He suggested that the feature may have been constructed with the help of local native tribespeople, possibly modifying a landslide scar.[17]
By 1889, word of the springs, along with the hotel on the site (and a belief in the effect on general health of the water from the springs) had grown considerably. Hotel guests often raved about the crystal-clear water from the cold springs, which prompted Seth Marshall to set up a bottling operation in the hotel's basement. By 1905, water from the cold springs was being shipped to Los Angeles under the newly created"Arrowhead" trademark.
Indigenous people of the San Bernardino Valley and Mountains were collectively identified by Spanish explorers in the 19th century asSerrano, a term meaning highlander. Serrano living near what is now Big Bear Lake were called Yuhaviatam, or "People of the Pines". In 1866, to clear the way for settlers and gold miners, state militia conducted a 32-day campaign slaughtering men, women, and children.[18] Yuhaviatam leader Santos Manuel guided his people from their ancient homeland to a village site in the San Bernardino foothills. The United States government in 1891 established it as a tribal reservation and named it after Santos Manuel.
In 1867, the first Chinese immigrants arrived in San Bernardino.
In 1883,California Southern Railroad established a rail link through San Bernardino between Los Angeles and the rest of the country.
On May 12, 1989, amassive derailment took place along Duffy Street at the Muscoy area, when aSouthern Pacific trona train lost control while descending the Cajon Pass. The disaster killed 4 people and destroying seven homes. Then on May 25, an underground petroleum pipeline ruptured, killing 2 more people and burning down 11 more homes.
In August 2012, San Bernardino filed forChapter 9 bankruptcy, with more than $1 billion in debt.[22] The move froze the city's payments to creditors, including its pension payments to theCalifornia Public Employees' Retirement System for nearly a year. San Bernardino became the largest city at the time to file for a Chapter 9 bankruptcy,[23][24] superseded byDetroit's filing in July 2013. Following a judge's approval, the city emerged from bankruptcy in February 2017, making it one of the longest municipal bankruptcies in the United States.[25]
On December 2, 2015,a terrorist attack left 14 people dead and 22 seriously injured.[26]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62.5 square miles (162 km2), of which 62.1 square miles (161 km2) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2), or 0.53%, is water.[5]
The city lies in the San Bernardino foothills and the eastern portion of theSan Bernardino Valley, roughly 60 miles (97 km) east of Los Angeles. Some major geographical features of the city include theSan Bernardino Mountains and theSan Bernardino National Forest, in which the city's northernmost neighborhood, Arrowhead Springs, is located. At the base of the mountains lies theSan Andreas Fault, which passes through the northern areas of the city, and where several smaller faults lie in close proximity. TheCajon Pass adjacent to the northwest border; City Creek,Lytle Creek,San Timoteo Creek, Twin Creek, Warm Creek (as modified through flood control channels) feed theSanta Ana River, which forms part of the city's southern border south ofSan Bernardino International Airport. The city has several notable hills and mountains; among them arePerris Hill (named after Fred Perris, an early engineer, and the namesake ofPerris, California);Kendall Hill (which is near California State University); and Little Mountain, which rises amongShandin Hills (generally bounded by Sierra Way, 30th Street, Kendall Drive, andInterstate 215).
San Bernardino is unique among Southern Californian cities because of its wealth of water, which is mostly contained in underground aquifers.
Seccombe Lake, named after a former mayor, is amanmade lake at Sierra Way and 5th Street.
January snowfall in the eastern San Bernardino Valley,Shandin Hills are visible in the background.
San Bernardino features a hot-summerMediterranean climate (Csa in theKöppen climate classification) with warm winters and hot, dry summers. Relative to other areas in Southern California, winters are colder. Frost and chilly-to-cold morning temperatures are common during the winters. The particularly arid climate during the summer prevents tropospheric clouds from forming. As a result, summer temperatures rise to highs typical of hot desert climates, with the highest recorded summer temperature at 118 °F (48 °C) on July 6, 2018. July is the hottest month on average, and December the coolest.[27]
In the winter, snow flurries occur upon occasion. San Bernardino gets an average of 16 inches (406 mm) of rain, hail, or light snow showers each year.Arrowhead Springs, San Bernardino's northernmost neighborhood gets snow, heavily at times, due to its elevation of about 3,000 feet (910 m) above sea level.
The seasonalSanta Ana winds are felt particularly strongly in the San Bernardino area as warm and dry air is channeled through nearbyCajon Pass at times during the autumn months. In extreme cases, the winds approach speeds of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h), downing power lines and causing property damage.[28] The winds, along with the cycle of cold wet winters and hot dry summers, markedly increase the danger of wildfire in the foothill, canyon and mountain communities.
Climate data for San Bernardino, California, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1893–2004
San Bernardino, California – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
The census reported that 97.4% of the population lived in households, 1.2% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 1.4% were institutionalized.[35]
There were 63,545 households, out of which 45.6% included children under the age of 18, 41.9% were married-couple households, 9.6% werecohabiting couple households, 30.3% had a female householder with no partner present, and 18.3% had a male householder with no partner present. 18.3% of households were one person, and 7.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.4.[35] There were 48,167families (75.8% of all households).[36]
The age distribution was 28.1% under the age of 18, 11.3% aged 18 to 24, 28.7% aged 25 to 44, 21.7% aged 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65years of age or older. The median age was 31.2years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males.[35]
There were 66,147 housing units at an average density of 1,064.6 units per square mile (411.0 units/km2), of which 63,545 (96.1%) were occupied. Of these, 48.5% were owner-occupied, and 51.5% were occupied by renters.[35]
In 2023, the US Census Bureau estimated that the median household income was $63,988, and theper capita income was $23,980. About 15.9% of families and 19.5% of the population were below the poverty line.[37]
The2010 United States census[38] reported that San Bernardino had a population of 209,924. The population density was 3,519.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,358.9/km2). The racial makeup of San Bernardino was 95,734 (45.6%)White (19.0% Non-Hispanic White),[39] 31,582 (15.0%)African American, 2,822 (1.3%)Native American, 8,454 (4.0%)Asian, 839 (0.4%)Pacific Islander, 59,827 (28.5%) fromother races, and 10,666 (5.1%) from two or more races. There were 125,994Hispanic orLatino residents of any race (60.0%).[39]
The Census reported that 202,599 people (96.5% of the population) lived in households, 3,078 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 4,247 (2.0%) were institutionalized.
There were 59,283 households, out of which 29,675 (50.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25,700 (43.4%) wereopposite-sex married couples living together, 13,518 (22.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 5,302 (8.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 5,198 (8.8%)unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 488 (0.8%)same-sex married couples or partnerships. 11,229 households (18.9%) were made up of individuals, and 4,119 (6.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.42. There were 44,520families (75.1% of all households); the average family size was 3.89.
There were 67,238 residents (32.0%) under the age of 18, 26,654 (12.7%) aged 18 to 24, 56,221 (26.8%) aged 25 to 44, 43,277 (20.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 16,534 (7.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males.
There were 65,401 housing units at an average density of 1,096.5 units per square mile (423.4 units/km2), of which 29,838 (50.3%) were owner-occupied, and 29,445 (49.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.5%. 102,650 people (48.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 99,949 people (47.6%) lived in rental housing units.
According to the 2010 United States Census, San Bernardino had a median household income of $39,097, with 30.6% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[39]
Map of racial distribution in San Bernardino, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:⬤ White⬤ Black⬤ Asian⬤ Hispanic⬤ Other
Western, central, and parts of eastern San Bernardino are home to mixed-ethnic working class populations, of which the Latino and African-American populations comprise the vast majority of the city. Historically, many Latinos, primarilyMexican-Americans andMexicans, lived on Mount Vernon Avenue on the West Side.[40] Since the 1960s, the Medical Center (formerly known asMuscoy) and Base Line corridors were mostly black, in particular in the east side and west side areas centering on public housing projects Waterman Gardens and the public housing on Medical Center drive. The heart of the Mexican-American community is on the West and Southside of San Bernardino, but is slowly expanding throughout the entire city.[41][42] San Bernardino's only Jewish congregation moved to Redlands in December 2009.[43]Some Asian Americans live in and around the city of San Bernardino, as in a late 19th-century-era (gone)Chinatown and formerlyJapanese-American area in Seccombe Park on the east end of downtown, and a large East-Asian community in North Loma Linda. Others live in nearbyLoma Linda to the south across the Santa Ana River.Filipinos are the largest Asian ethnic group in San Bernardino.[44] There is a historic Italian-American community in San Bernardino.[45] There is a rapid increase of Guatemalan immigrants in San Bernardino and the Inland Empire.[46] Thewhite population in San Bernardino has declined while the Hispanic and Asian population increased.[47]
Spanish andTagalog, the former of which is spoken at home by 37.4% of San Bernardino County residents,[48] are the most common spoken foreign languages.[49] 54.3% of residents five years or older speak only English at home, and 45.7% speak another language.[48]
San Bernardino's economic decline can be traced to significant transportation shifts that redirected traffic and commerce. The relocation of the I-15 to run through Rancho Cucamonga and Ontario diverted Los Angeles and San Diego-bound traffic and shoppers away from the city. Meanwhile, the extension of the CA-210 east to Redlands created a more direct route to Palm Springs and Pasadena, further bypassing San Bernardino and steering regional growth toward neighboring cities.[51]
The closing ofNorton Air Force Base in 1994 resulted in the loss of 10,000 military and civilian jobs and sent San Bernardino's economy into a downturn that has been somewhat offset by more recent growth in the intermodal shipping industry. The jobless rate in the region rose to more than 12 percent during the years immediately after the base closing. As of 2007 households within one mile of the city core had a median income of only $20,480, less than half that of theInland region as a whole.[52] Over 15 percent of San Bernardino residents are unemployed as of 2012, and over 40 percent are on some form of public assistance.[53] According to the US Census, 34.6 percent of residents lived below the poverty level in 2012, making San Bernardino the poorest city for its population in California, and the second poorest in the United States afterDetroit.[54]
Government, retail, andservice industries dominate the economy of the city of San Bernardino. From 1998 to 2004, San Bernardino's economy grew by 26,217 jobs, a 37% increase, to 97,139. Government was both the largest and the fastest-growing employment sector, reaching close to 20,000 jobs in 2004. Other significant sectors were retail (16,000 jobs) and education (13,200 jobs).[50]
According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[55] the top employers in the city are:
San Bernardino hosts several major annual events, including: Route 66 Rendezvous,[56] a four-day celebration of America's "Mother Road" that is held indowntown San Bernardino each September; the Berdoo Bikes & Blues Rendezvous, held in the spring; theNational Orange Show Festival,[57] a citrus exposition founded in 1911 and also held in the spring; and, the Western RegionalLittle League Championships held each August, as well as the annual anniversary of the birth of the Mother Charter of theHells Angels Motorcycle Club, Berdoo California Chapter.
San Bernardino is home to the historic Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa, located in theArrowhead Springs neighborhood, which encompasses 1,916 acres (7.75 km2) directly beneath the Arrowhead geological monument that presides over the San Bernardino Valley. The resort contains hot springs, in addition to mineral baths and steam caves located deep underground. Long the headquarters for Campus Crusade for Christ, the site now remains largely vacant and unused since their operations moved to Florida.[58] The $300 million Yaamava Resort & Casino, one of the few in southern California that does operate as a resort hotel, is located approximately one mile from the Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa.[59]
The Robert V. Fullerton Museum of Art, located on the campus ofCalifornia State University, San Bernardino, contains a collection of Egyptian antiquities, ancient pottery from present-day Italy, and funerary art from ancient China. In addition to the extensive antiquities on display, the museum presents contemporary art and changing exhibitions.
The San Bernardino Railroad and History Museum is located inside the historic Santa Fe Depot. A Route 66 museum is located on the historic site of the originalMcDonald's restaurant.[60][61]
Specialty museums include the Inland Empire Military Museum,[62] the American Sports Museum, and the adjacentWBC Legends of Boxing Museum.
The 1928California Theatre (San Bernardino), California Theater of the Performing Arts in downtown San Bernardino hosts an array of events, including concerts by theSan Bernardino Symphony Orchestra, as well as touring Broadway theater productions presented by Theatrical Arts International, the Inland Empire's largest theater company.[63]
San Manuel Amphitheater, originally Glen Helen Pavilion at the Cajon Pass is the largest amphitheater in the United States.
National Orange Show Festival The National Orange Show Events Center contains: the Orange Pavilion; a stadium; two large clear-span exhibition halls; a clear-span geodesic dome; and several ballrooms.
Coussoulis Arena in the University District is the largest venue of its type in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties.
Sturges Center for the Fine Arts, including the 1924 Sturges Auditorium, hosts lectures, concerts, and other theater.[64]
Children's theater company Junior University presents musical performances at the San Manuel Performing Arts Center atAquinas High School during the summer and in December.
The historic 1929 Fox Theater of San Bernardino, located downtown and owned byAmerican Sports University, has recently been restored for new use.
The Lyric Symphony Orchestra in nearbyLoma Linda, California presents concerts in the city and nearby communities.[65]
San Bernardino has had other professional and semi-pro teams over the years, including the San Bernardino Jazz professional women's volleyball team, theSan Bernardino Pride Senior Baseball team, and the San Bernardino Spirit California League Single A baseball team.
San Bernardino also hosts the BSR West Super Late Model Series at Orange Show Speedway. The series fields many drivers, includingNASCAR Truck Series regularRon Hornaday Jr., who drove the No. 33 in a race on July 12, 2008.
San Bernardino offers several parks and other recreation facilities.Perris Hill Park is the largest with Roosevelt Bowl, Fiscalini Field,[68] several tennis courts, a Y.M.C.A., a senior center, a shooting range, hiking trails, and a pool.
Other notable parks include: theGlen Helen Regional Park, operated by the County of San Bernardino, is located in the northernmost part of the city.
Blair Park is another midsized park near theUniversity District, it is home to a well known skate park and various hiking trails on Shandin Hills, also known as Little Mountain.
In 2017, San Bernardino park opened its newest park, named in honor of local heroes Bryce Hanes and Jon Cole.[69]
The city of San Bernardino is acharter city; the first charter was passed 1905, while the most recent charter was passed in 2016. San Bernardino is thecounty seat ofSan Bernardino County, the largest organized county in the contiguous United States by area.
The currentMayor of San Bernardino isHelen Tran.[70] The current city council is made up of Theodore Sánchez, Sandra Ibarra, Juan Figueroa, Fred Shorett, Kimberly Knaus, Mario Flores and Treasure Ortiz .[71]Bob Holcomb (1922–2010) was the longest-serving mayor of San Bernardino to date, holding the office from 1971 until 1985 and again from 1989 to 1993.[72][73]
San Bernardino has long battled high crime rates. According to statistics published byMorgan Quitno, San Bernardino was the 16th most dangerous US city in 2003,[78] 18th in 2004[79] and 24th in 2005. San Bernardino's murder rate was 29 per 100,000 in 2005, the 13th highest murder rate in the country and the third highest in the state of California afterCompton andRichmond.[80] Police efforts have significantly reduced crime in 2008[81] and a major drop collectively since 1993 when the city's murder rate placed ninth in the nation.[82] Thirty two killings occurred in 2009, a number identical to 2008 and the lowest murder rate in San Bernardino since 2002, but only a third of cases led to arrests.[83][84] According to findings by theU.S. Census Bureau, San Bernardino was among the most poverty-stricken cities in the nation, second nationally behind Detroit.[85]
On July 10, 2012, the City Council of San Bernardino decided to seek protection underChapter 9, Title 11, United States Code, making it the third California municipality to do so in less than two weeks (afterStockton and the town ofMammoth Lakes), and the second-largest ever. According to state law, the city would normally have to negotiate with creditors first, but, because they declared a fiscal emergency in June, that requirement did not apply.[23][24] The case was filed on August 1.[86]
San Bernardino is part of the Los Angeles Nielsen area. As such, most its residents receive the same local television and radio stations as residents of Los Angeles.KVCR-DT, a PBS member station operated by the San Bernardino Community College District, is the only local San Bernardino television station.KPXN, an Ion Television network owned-and-operated station for Los Angeles, is licensed to San Bernardino, but the station maintains no physical presence there. Most of the northern section of San Bernardino cannot receive over-the-airtelevision broadcasts from Los Angeles becauseMount Baldy, and other San Gabriel Mountain peaks, block transmissions fromMount Wilson.
Historically, San Bernardino has had a number of newspapers. Today, theSan Bernardino Sun, founded in 1894 (but was the continuation of an earlier paper) publishes in North San Bernardino, and has a circulation area roughly from Yucaipa to Fontana, including the mountain communities. ThePrecinct Reporter has been publishing weekly since 1965, primarily serving African American residents. Its circulation also includes Riverside County and Pomona Valley. There is also theBlack Voice News that previously served Riverside has been in the area over 30 years and has more recently served African Americans that live in the community. Another local newspaper centered mostly around the African American community is theWestside Story Newspaper, established in 1987. Their coverage area extends to the greater area ofSan Bernardino County. They currently operate locally and online.[90] TheInland Catholic Byte is the newspaper of theRoman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino. TheLos Angeles Times is also widely circulated. Another local newspaper serving theMexican-American/Chicano/Californio community is El Chicano.[91]
The city of San Bernardino is a member of the joint-powers authority ofOmnitrans andMARTA. Abus rapid transit corridor, called thesbX Green Line, connects the north part of the city near California State University, San Bernardino and the Verdemont Hills area with the Jerry L. Pettis VA Medical Center in Loma Linda, CA.[92][93] Additional bus routes and on-demand shuttle service for the disabled and elderly is also provided by Omnitrans. MARTA provides a connection between downtown and the mountain communities.
Arrow is a passenger rail link to neighboringRedlands that opened in 2022. Trains begin at the San Bernardino Transit Center and make an additionalstop at Tippecanoe Avenue before continuing into Redlands.
San Bernardino International Airport is physically located within the city and provides commercial passenger air service. The airport is the former site of Norton Air Force Base which operated from 1942 – 1994. In 1989, Norton was placed on the Department of Defense closure list and the majority of the closure occurred in 1994, with the last offices finally leaving in 1995.[95][circular reference] Several warehouses have been, and continue to be, built in the vicinity.
The facility, itself, is within the jurisdiction of the Inland Valley Development Agency, a joint powers authority, and the San BernardinoAirport Authority. Hillwood, a venture run by H. Ross Perot Jr., is the master developer of the project, which it calls AllianceCalifornia. The airport currently offers commercial passenger service out of its both the domestic and international terminals.[96]
^abZappia, Natale A. (2014).Traders and raiders : the indigenous world of the Colorado Basin, 1540-1859. Chapel Hill. pp. 77, 179.ISBN978-1-4696-1585-1.OCLC883632043.Wa'aachnga, also known as Kaawchama. This village became the site of present-day Redlands and the location of the San Bernardino Asistencia, built in 1820.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^"3rd Council Ward District"(PDF). City of San Bernardino. RetrievedMarch 14, 2024. -Linked from here. A school icon is placed where Rialto High is. Please compare with the full street name, number, and ZIP code of the school:"Home". Rialto High School. RetrievedMarch 14, 2024.595 S. Eucalyptus Ave. Rialto, CA 92376 - Despite the Rialto address, the school is in the San Bernardino city limits,not the Rialto city limits.The City of Houston stated: "The U.S. Postal Service establishes ZIP codes and mailing addresses in order to maximize the efficiency of their system, not to recognize jurisdictional boundaries."
Edward Leo Lyman,San Bernardino: The Rise and Fall of a California Community,Signature Books, 1996.
Walter C. Schuiling,San Bernardino County: Land of Contrasts, Windsor Publications, 1984
Nick Cataldo,Images of America: San Bernardino, California,Arcadia Publishing, 2002
Articles
James Fallows (May 2015),What It's Like When Your City Goes Broke. "San Bernardino, California, is poor, has a high unemployment rate, is affected by drought, and is in bankruptcy court. But its real problem is something else."
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