TheSan Antonio Gunslingers were a professionalAmerican football team based inSan Antonio, Texas, that played in theUnited States Football League (USFL) in 1984 and 1985. Owned by oil magnateClinton Manges, the team played its home games inAlamo Stadium and its colors were kelly green, royal blue, silver, and white.Rick Neuheisel was the team'squarterback.

In 1977 the San Antonio Charros were founded byRoger Gill as a charter member of theAmerican Football Association. They went undefeated and won the first championship. After the 1981 season, the Charros changed their name to the Bulls. In 1982 Roger Gill was appointed AFA Commissioner; as part of the terms, Gill agreed to divest himself of the Bulls franchise. He sold the club to Clinton Manges in June of 1982. Under Manges, the Bulls were successful, appearing in the AFA's final championship (but losing in a shutout to the Carolina Chargers).^[1]

Going into the 1984 season, the USFL made the decision to expand to eighteen franchises in order to boost league capital. However, efforts to expand toMinneapolis-St. Paul andSeattle fell through. San Antonio was mentioned as a possible market for expansion, as rapid growth through the 1970s propelled it to major-city status. By 1984, almost 800,000 people lived in San Antonio, making it the 11th largest city in the United States. Despite this, a series of studies of possible new cities concluded that San Antonio could not support a USFL team. The San Antonio area, then as now, was considered a medium-sized market because the surrounding suburban and rural areas were far smaller than the city itself.

The owners were also somewhat skeptical about Manges's bid, not in the least because he planned to base the team at Alamo Stadium, aWorks Progress Administration project and high school stadium that seated only 18,000 people. Ultimately, fears that Manges would seek a franchise in a proposed league started by WFL,American Basketball Association, andWorld Hockey Association co-founderDennis Murphy tipped the scales in his favor. At the time, the flamboyant oil baron was a member of theForbes 400, and was thought to be one of the richest men in Texas. The USFL did not want to risk losing his apparent wealth to a rival league. Ultimately, Murphy's proposed league folded before it could get off the ground when the USFL placed teams in three of its potential markets–San Antonio,Memphis, andHouston.^[2] Manges was unable to carry the Bulls name over because theJacksonville Bulls claimed the name first.

The USFL had endeavored to avoid the mistakes of the ill-fatedWorld Football League by requiring perspective owners to undergo a detaileddue diligence and requiring franchises to meet strict capitalization requirements. However, it never performed any meaningful due diligence on Manges's original application, apart from the concern about Alamo Stadium. Once the Minnesota and Seattle franchises fell through, the league had few options left if it was to field 18 teams for the 1984 campaign. With little time to examine Manges's financial situation, league officials apparently concluded that given Manges' perceived wealth, his application carried little risk. Additionally, despite – or perhaps, because of – his apparent oil fortune, the league also didn't require Manges to make an initial capital investment (as is standard for most major league sports franchises).^[3] Instead, Manges appeared to pay team expenses out of his own pocket as they arose.

The result was an organization that was notoriously cheap, even by USFL standards. The front office was staffed mainly by friends and family. The team bus was an oldSan Antonio Independent School District bus with a malfunctioning gas gauge; the driver had to manually check the tank. The Gunslingers had to add 14,000 folding chairs around the end zones to bring the stadium to the USFL's minimum capacity. The team office was located in adouble-wide trailer in the Alamo Stadium parking lot.^[3][2]

Manges hired local coaching legendGil Steinke to run the team as general manager and head coach. In 23 years at nearbyTexas A&I, Steinke had a record of 195–63–5, including a 6–1 record inNAIA Championship games. However, Steinke had been off the sidelines for almost a decade and was displaying clear signs of mental deterioration to the point ofsenility. He frequently forgot plays and play calls and got lost in cities that he supposedly knew well.^[3] In a league with free-spending owners, Steinke's Gunslingers rarely had the edge in talent, but most games were very disciplined on the field, allowing them to remain somewhat competitive in spite of the team's shoestring budget.

The Gunslingers showed moments of offensive competence most games but lacked the game breakers that other teams had. The team was populated with football players, not athletes. Whenever they scored, more often than not it was the product of a long, drawn-out drive. The Gunslingers were an average rushing team, in spite of having no true feature back. Neuheisel played solidly for the team, nickel and diming the team up and down the field, and the intense "Bounty Hunter" defense led by players likeJeff McIntyre,John Barefield, Peter Raeford, Rich D'Amico, Jim Bob Morris, andPutt Choate kept the Gunslingers within striking distance almost every week. Notably, the team was +13 in turnovers, a sign of a disciplined team.

Coach/general manager Steinke managed to rally the modestly talented team to a 7–7 finish after an 0–4 start, keeping them in the playoff race until the last few weeks of the season. However, the Gunslingers' most enduring memory of that first season was when the lights at Alamo Stadium went out during their second game—and didn't come back on for 48 minutes. According to Neuheisel, the head of municipal power companyCity Public Service deliberately cut the power after having a falling-out with Manges.^[3] They finished the game with temporary lights, though by most accounts it was still somewhat dark.^[2]

The team remained competitive despite Alamo Stadium's poor playing conditions. The locker rooms were cramped and had no air conditioning.^[2] The playing surface was an extremely thinAstroTurf carpet atop a concrete slab, resulting in numerous knee injuries. Many players came down with skin infections because Manges was unwilling to pay to keep the field clean. The field was painted with industrial-grade paint that dried hard. Combined with the thin surface, this turned rug burns usually common on artificial surfaces into severe rashes and scabs in San Antonio.^[3]

Additionally, team officials frequently deactivated non-marquee players every third game in a cost-cutting move. The standard USFL contract required players to be active in three consecutive games to earn their full salaries. Neuheisel recalled that players often faked injuries to keep from being deactivated.^[3]

The Gunslingers only drew 15,444 fans per game, in large part because they had already built a reputation for being short of professional standards. For instance, they tried to save money by mailing press releases in bulk, resulting in them arriving days after games. Among the promotions they attempted were cowboys firing real guns into the air.^[2]

Defensive coordinatorJim Bates was rewarded with a promotion to head coach in 1985. However, according to Bates's successor as defensive coordinator,Tim Marcum, who would later go on to fame in theArena Football League, the coaches and players already considered Bates to be their true on-field leader.^[2] Steinke remained general manager. They also acquiredLarry Canada, theChicago Blitz' leading rusher.^[4]

Despite their strong finish, by the start of the 1985 season, the Gunslingers were known to be badly undercapitalized, unlike most of their USFL brethren.

The Gunslingers' ramshackle financial structure caught up with them early in 1985. The price of oil tumbled as low as $11 or $12 a barrel, decimating Manges's fortune. The Gunslingers quickly fired all of their secretaries, and virtually all of the public relations staffers resigned. The on-field operation suffered as well; they had no scouts or practice squad.^[2] It would soon emerge that the Gunslingers' owner had been in financial trouble since at least 1980.

With Manges suddenly unwilling and/or unable to underwrite the franchise's mounting expenses, the club found itself in a situation not unlike those faced by many teams in the ill-fated WFL. Players and coaches frequently had their checks bounce. Neuheisel and McIntyre were the only two players with a personal services contract. When theSan Antonio Express-News broke the story, Manges reacted by revoking the paper's press credentials. The situation got so dire at one point that several players traded tickets for food and stayed with sympathetic fans because they couldn't afford to pay the rent for their apartments.^[5] Years later, Neuheisel toldESPN that the players raced each other to the bank to cash their checks, knowing that half (if not more) of them would bounce. However, the team had to use creative methods to meet payroll even before then; as mentioned above, they were notorious for deactivating players every third game.

TheSan Antonio Light reported that theInternal Revenue Service had slapped two liens on the Gunslingers for over $400,000 in back payroll taxes, further squeezing the franchise's financial picture. Eventually, Manges ordered his employees not to discuss the team's finances, and even had reporters bounced from the locker room.^[2]

On April 7, Manges promised that the payroll problem would be fixed, going as far as to issue promissory notes. However, the checks bounced again on the following payday, which particularly rankled the players when they saw Manges and his top staffers riding limousines. A month later, the team was nearly left stranded inOrlando when the check for the flight home bounced. They only made it back to San Antonio afterLieutenant GovernorBill Hobby, a Manges confidant, intervened to guarantee payment.^[3] After another late payroll on May 29, the players walked out of practice, and only returned after Manges told team president Bud Haun that he would shut the team down if they didn't return.^[2]

On one occasion, an arbitrator threatened to release 30 players from their contracts if Manges didn't make good on their bounced checks. On another, several players threatened to sit out a June 9 game against theLos Angeles Express unless they were paid.^[6] After a month of missed paydays, Bates threatened to quit unless the players were paid by the team's contest against theOakland Invaders. The money never arrived, and Bates walked out, forcing Steinke to take over for the last six games of the season.

In June, Manges simply stopped paying the franchise's bills.^[7] The players and coaches played the last four games of the season without being paid. Not surprisingly, the Gunslingers barely survived the season. Due in large part to a nonexistent rushing attack (their leading rusher,George Works, only ran for a total of 452 yards), they finished with the second-worst record in the league. Attendance crashed to 11,721, the second-worst in the league. Shortly after the season, after another missed payroll, the entire roster was put on waivers.^[2]

A month after the season, CommissionerHarry Usher had seen enough. He ordered Manges to make restitution for the team's debts in 15 days, or lose the franchise. When this didn't occur, the Gunslingers became the only USFL franchise to be revoked. The dubious distinction was, to an extent, academic. The USFL, which had been planning to move to a fall schedule in 1986, ultimately folded without playing another game.

The Gunslingers' holding company, South Texas Sports, was auctioned off to pay more than $650,000 of debts to former players.^[8] The players also sued Manges to recover back pay, but that suit collapsed when Manges filed for bankruptcy. At least some of the players still hadn't been paid at the time of a 1998 reunion, and no players or staff members that were owed back wages had been paid at the time of Manges's death in 2010.

• 1984: (15,444)
• 1985: (11,721)

Sources^[9][10][11]

Sources^[12][13][14]

• Rushing yards: 500Scott Stamper (American football)(1984), 452 George Works (1985)
• Receiving yards: 690 Jerry Gordon (1985), 650 Jerry Gordon (1984)
• Passing yards: 3068Rick Neuheisel (1985), 2649 Rick Neuheisel (1984)

• USFL.info - San Antonio Gunslingers
• Powell, Shaun. "A U.S.F.L. Team That Played for the Love of the Game,"The New York Times, Sunday, April 19, 2009.

• San Antonio Gunslingers
• 1983 establishments in Texas
• 1985 disestablishments in Texas

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