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| San Andrés–Providencia Creole | |
|---|---|
| Bende, Islander Creole English[1] | |
 Creole of the Island of San Andrés | |
| Native to | Moskitian Shore
|
| Ethnicity | Raizal |
Native speakers | 20,000–30,000[1] |
English Creole
| |
| Dialects | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | icr |
| Glottolog | sana1297 |
| Linguasphere | 52-ABB-ah |
| Part of a series on the |
| English language |
|---|
| Features |
| Societal aspects |
| Dialects(full list) |
San Andrés–Providencia Creole is anEnglish-based creole language spoken in theSan Andrés and ProvidenciaDepartment ofColombia by the nativeRaizals. It is very similar toMoskitian Creole andBelizean Creole. Its vocabulary originates in English, itslexifier, but San Andrés–Providencia creole has its own phonetics and many expressions fromSpanish and African languages, particularlyKwa languages (especiallyTwi andEwe) andIgbo languages. The language is also known as "San Andrés Creole", "Bende" and "Islander Creole English".[1][2][3] Its two main strands are San Andres Creole English (orSaintandrewan) and Providence Creole English.[1]
The population of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina uses three languages: Creole, English and Spanish.[4][5] San Andrés–Providencia Creole is an official language in its territory of influence, according to theColombian Constitution of 1991 which guarantees the rights and protections of languages in the country.[4] Approximately 20,000–30,000 people speak San Andrés–Providencia Creole.[3]
San Andrés–Providencia Creole has been influenced by social and family ties with theMosquito Coast, and has in turn influenced the Central American English Creoles from the early 19th century onward.[3] It retains a number of African words and phrases in common with the Nicaraguan, Belizean, and Limón creoles, and withJamaican Patwah.[6] It is closest toBelize Kriol.[7] While many scholars often suggest a commonWest African pidgin as the source of most Caribbean creole languages, San Andrés Creole, in particular, may partially derive from the Jamaican Patwah of the latter half of the 18th century.[8][3] In contrast, Providence Islander Creole is less popular among the Native Islanders, who feel a stronger affinity for English.[9]
Between 1902 and 1926, a process of forced Hispanization deprecated use of English and Creole. In 1946 and 1956, English was banned in public and private schools (respectively). Large scale immigration from continental Colombia, where most people spoke Spanish, resulted in the creole people of San Andrés becoming marginalised.[3] English remained in use for liturgical purposes in Baptist churches, but the coming of satellite television and growth of foreign tourism has revived the use of English on the islands. The standard English taught in schools isBritish English and rarely San Andrés Creole.[1][4]
The presence of migrants from continental Colombia and the travel of young islanders to cities likeBarranquilla,Cartagena de Indias andBogotá for higher education has contributed to the presence of Spanish. However, the interest in preserving the Creole has become very important for locals and Colombians in general.[4][5][10] According to Carlos Augusto Arias, "Creole plays a symbolic role in the cohesion and identity of raizals, as the vehicle and an important piece of the cultural heritage, as well as the phenomenology of group identity."[5]
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ)1 | ŋ | ||||||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | tʃ | dʒ | c2 | ɟ2 | k | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ | (ʒ)3 | (x)1 | h | ||||
| Approximant /Lateral | ɹ | j | w | |||||||||
| l | ||||||||||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |
| Close | i1 | ĩ2 | u1 | ũ2 | ||
| Mid | e | ɛ̃2 | o | |||
| Open | a1 | ã2 | ||||
For some contrasts, there are very few minimal pairs: /ĩ/ contrasts with /iː/ only inihn ‘he/she/it’ vs.iin ‘in’ (this is the form when postposed, the San Andres Creole English preposition isiina; Providence Creole English hasin andina). Similarly, /ã/ vs. /aː/ as infaahn ‘from’ vs.faam ‘to pretend’. On the other hand, other contrasts occur very frequently, e.g. /a/ vs. /aː/ as inhat ‘hot’ vs.haat ‘heart’. In addition, San Andres Creole English possesses six minor vowel allophones: [ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɛː, ɔ, ɔː].
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