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Samyaza (Hebrew:שַׁמְּחֲזַיŠamməḥăzay;Imperial Aramaic:שְׁמִיעָזָאŠəmīʿāzāʾ;Greek:Σεμιαζά;Arabic:ساميارس,Samyarus[1][2]), alsoShamhazai,Aza orOuza, is afallen angel ofapocryphalAbrahamic traditions andManichaeism as the leader of theWatchers.
The name "Shemyaza(z)" means "the (or my) name has seen," "he sees the name," or "I have seen." It is also spelled "Samyaza", "Shemhazai", "Samiaza(z)", "Semiaza", "Shamazya", "Shemyazaz", "Shemihazah", "Shemyaza", "Sêmîazâz", "Semjâzâ", "Samjâzâ", "Šemihaza", and "Semyaza".[3][4]
The scholars lean towards the Semitic etymology of this appellation which contains the lettersshin (ש) andmem (מ), thus suggesting the derivation from either “name” (Heb. שם,shem) or “heavens” (Heb. שמים,shamaym).Moshe Idel proposed that Samyaza is the one who “gazes at heavens” or “gazes from heavens”. This interpretation goes well with the motif of the heavenlyWatchers, i.e., the angels supervising humans on earth.[5]
In theBook of Enoch, one of the apocryphal writings, Samyaza is portrayed as the leader of a band of angels called "sons of God" or "Watchers" (grigori in Greek).
Samyaza is introduced in Book 6, heading a meeting of a total of 200 angels, wherein they discuss their desire to consummate with human women:[3]
And Semjâzâ, who was their leader, said unto them: "I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin." And they all answered him and said: "Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing." Then swear they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. (1 En 6:3-5)
Samyaza and his fellow Watchers then each take human women for wives and bestowknowledge upon them. The children born from these partnerships are known asNephilim, a plural noun rendered as "giants" in theKing James translation of theBook of Genesis. The Nephilim "consumed all the acquisitions of men. And when men could no longer sustain them, the giants turned against them and devoured mankind." (1 En 7:3-5)
In Book 10, God commands the angelGabriel to cause the Watchers and Nephilim to wage civil war, after the completion of which he condemns Samyaza to be "[bound] fast for seventy generations in the valleys of the earth, till the day of their judgement and of their consummation, till the judgement that is for ever and ever is consummated. In those days they shall be led off to the abyss of fire: and 14 to the torment and the prison in which they shall be confined for ever." (1 En 10:11-14)
InThe Book of Giants, Shemyaza (orŠahmīzād in theManichaean version) begets two sons, who together battleLeviathan. However, they are not portrayed as heroic, but as boasting about their own victory; a symbol of royal failure to keep one's power in this world. After the defeat of the Leviathan, Shemyaza and his offspring are slain by the four punishing angels.[6]
TheBabylonian Talmud contains a singular mention of the name Samyaza (spelled שמחזאי in theVilna edition with some lesser variations in the manuscripts) in Niddah 61a. Accordingly:
Now, Sihon and Og were brothers, as the Master said: Sihon and Og were sons of Ahijah, son of Shamhazai.[7]
The text does not elucidate the identity of Samyaza who appears nowhere else in the corpus, but clearly portrays him as the grandfather ofOg, the king ofBashan and the last ofRephaim known for his gigantic height and strength (Deuteronomy 3:11). As such this can be taken as a reference to the myth of thefallen angels and the motif of theirgigantic progeny transmitted in apocrypha and pseudepigrapha.[8]
In legend, Azza (another name for Samyaza) is the seraph tempted by the maiden Ishtar to reveal to her the Explicit Name of God. In Solomonic lore, the story is that Azza was the angel who revealed to the Jewish king the heavenly arcana, thus making Solomon the wisest man on earth. Of the two groups of angels headed by Metatron, one of the groups, the angels of justice, were under the rulership of Azza, who at this time had not yet fallen.
Azza, according to the rabbinic tradition, is suspended between Heaven and Earth along with Azazel as punishment for having had carnal knowledge of mortal women. He is said to be constantly falling, with one eye shut and the other open, to see his plight and suffer the more. It is said that he now hangs, head down, and is the constellation of Orion.[4]
Uzza (said to be another name for Samyaza) is the tutelary angel of the Egyptians.[9]
Before the fall, Ouza (said to be another name for Samyaza) was of the rank ofSeraphim.[10]