| Samwise Gamgee | |
|---|---|
| J. R. R. Tolkien character | |
| First appearance | The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955) |
| In-universe information | |
| Race | Hobbit |
| Affiliation | Company of the Ring |
| Spouse | Rosie Cotton |
Samwise Gamgee (/ˈsæmˌwaɪzˈɡæmˌdʒiː/, usually calledSam) (Westron:Banazîr Galbasi) is a fictional character inJ. R. R. Tolkien'sMiddle-earth. Ahobbit, Samwise is the chief supporting character ofThe Lord of the Rings, serving as the loyal companion of theprotagonistFrodo Baggins. Sam is a member of theCompany of the Ring, the group of nine charged with destroying theOne Ring.
Sam was Frodo's gardener. He was drawn into Frodo's adventure while eavesdropping on a private conversation Frodo was having with the wizardGandalf. Sam was Frodo's steadfast companion and servant, portrayed as both physically strong for his size and emotionally strong, often supporting Frodo through difficult parts of the journey and, at times, carrying Frodo when he was too weak to go on. Sam served asRing-bearer for a short time when Frodo was captured byorcs; his emotional strength was again demonstrated when he willingly gave the Ring back to Frodo. Following theWar of the Ring, Sam returned tothe Shire and his role as a gardener, helping to replant the trees which had been destroyed while he was away. He was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive terms.
The name Gamgee derives from a local Birmingham name for cotton wool, from a surgical dressing invented bySampson Gamgee; henceSam's girlfriend Rosie is from the Cotton family. Scholars have remarked on the symbolism in Sam's story, which carriesechoes of Christianity; for instance, his carrying of Frodo is reminiscent ofSimon of Cyrene's carrying of Christ's cross. Tolkien considered Sama hero of the story. Psychologists have seen Sam's quest asa psychological journey of love. Tolkien's biographers have noted the resemblance of Sam's relationship with Frodo to that ofmilitary servants toBritish Army officers in theFirst World War.
As told inThe Lord of the Rings, Samwise Gamgee isFrodo Baggins's gardener, having inherited the position from his father, Hamfast "Gaffer" Gamgee, who wasBilbo Baggins's gardener. As "punishment" for eavesdropping onGandalf'sconversation with Frodo about theOne Ring, Sam is made Frodo's first companion on his journey toRivendell.[T 1] They are joined byMeriadoc Brandybuck andPeregrin Took, Frodo's cousins, travelling together toRivendell. At theCouncil of Elrond there, Sam joinsthe Fellowship of the Ring.[T 2] In theelvish land ofLothlórien,Galadriel gives Sam a small box of earth from her garden.[T 3]
When the Fellowship splits up at theFalls of Rauros, Sam insists on accompanying Frodo.[T 4] Sam protects and cares for Frodo, who is growing weaker under the Ring's influence, as they move through the dangerous lands towardMordor. Sam distrustsGollum, who became their guide into Mordor, leading them through the Dead Marshes.[T 5][T 6] His suspicions are confirmed in the mountain pass of Cirith Ungol, where Gollum betrays them to the giant spiderShelob. Shelob stings Frodo, and Sam drives her off.[T 7] A band oforcs approaches; Sam chooses to leave the apparently dead Frodo and take the Ring himself, and briefly becomes theRing-bearer. He is momentarily tempted by theRing'spromise of power, but does not succumb to it.[T 8] Sam then rescues Frodo (who had only been paralysed) from theOrcs who held him captive. Sam returns the ring to Frodo.[T 9] The two journey through Mordor[T 10] and intoMount Doom. Sam carries Frodo on his back for some of the way. Gollum attacks Frodo and reclaims the Ring, only to destroy both it and himself by falling into one of the Cracks of Doom.[T 11]
So Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful or beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of the precious dust in the soil at the root of each. He went up and down the Shire in this labour; but if he paid special attention toHobbiton and Bywater no one blamed him. ...
Spring surpassed his wildest hopes. His trees began to sprout and grow, as if time was in a hurry and wished to make one year do for twenty. In the Party Field a beautiful young sapling leaped up: it had silver bark and long leaves and burst into golden flowers in April. It was indeed amallorn, and it was the wonder of the neighbourhood.
The hobbits return home[T 12] horrified to find the Shire under the control of "Sharkey" (Saruman) and his ruffians who had wantonly felled trees and despoiled the villages; the hobbits defeat them at theBattle of Bywater andscour the Shire of all the ruffians and their works.[T 13] Sam travels the length and breadth ofthe Shire replanting trees, using the elf-queenGaladriel's gift of earth from her garden, and one seed of the elvishmallorn tree, which he plants at Hobbiton. The saplings grow at an astonishing rate.[T 14]
Sam marriesRosie Cotton and moves intoBag End with Frodo. The next year they have a daughter, Elanor, the first of their thirteen children. Frodo tells Sam that he (Frodo) and Bilbo will leaveMiddle-earth, along with Gandalf and most of the remaining High Elves, for theUndying Lands. Frodo gives Sam the estate of Bag End, and theRed Book of Westmarch for Sam to continue, hinting that Sam may also be allowed to travel into the West eventually. Sam returns to meet his family at Bag End, ending the story with the words "Well, I'm back."[T 14]
The Appendices note that in the year 1427 of theShire Reckoning, Sam was electedMayor of the Shire for the first of seven consecutive seven-year terms.[T 15] His descendants took the surname Gardner in his honour.[T 16]
Tolkien intentionally avoided making Christianity explicit in his Middle-earth writings,[2] choosing instead to allow "the story and the symbolism"to convey his meaning.[T 17] Frodo finds the Ring a crushing weight, just as the cross was for Jesus. Sam, who carries Frodo up to Mount Doom, parallelsSimon of Cyrene, who helps Jesus by carrying his cross toGolgotha.[1] Sam gains prominence as he is willing to be unimportant in doing his duty, echoing the Christian emphasis on the humble.[3] The ordeal of crossing Mordor, too, reflects the Christian theme ofredemptive suffering.[4]
Tolkien called Sam the "chief hero" of the saga, adding: "I think the simple 'rustic' love of Sam and his Rosie (nowhere elaborated) is absolutely essential to the study of his (the chief hero's) character, and to the theme of the relation of ordinary life (breathing, eating, working, begetting) and quests, sacrifice, causes, and the 'longing for Elves', and sheer beauty."[T 18] Tolkien admired heroism out of loyalty and love, but despised arrogance, pride and wilfulness. The courage and loyalty displayed by Samwise Gamgee on his journey with Frodo is the kind of spirit that Tolkien praised in his essays on theOld English poem "The Battle of Maldon".[5] Likewise, Sam's rejection of the Ring is a rejection of power, but also a "desire for renown which the defeat overSauron will bring".[6]
Tom Shippey notes Sam's courage, which among other things takes the form of "be[ing] 'cheerful' without any hope at all". Shippey comments that this may hardly appear sensible, but it "rings true", appearing in old soldiers' recollections of theFirst World War. He notes the etymology of "cheer", fromOld Frenchchair, meaning "face", commenting that "a stout pretence" is better than "sincere despair". Further, in the grimness of the Stairs ofCirith Ungol, he and Frodo imagine people "laughing at grief", something that Shippey calls Tolkien's "new model of courage".[7]
TheJungian clinical psychologist Robin Robertson describes Sam's quest asa psychological journey of love (for Frodo), where Frodo's quest is one of transcendence.[8] Robertson writes that "Sam's is the simplest yet the most touching of all paths: his simple loyalty and love for Frodo make him the single person who never wavers in his task throughout the book."[9] In his view, Sam always stays grounded in simple things like meals and the glory of a sunrise, while Sam ends as the happiest of the Fellowship, having seen the Elves, served as Frodo's companion on the quest, and back in the Shire that he loves, marries Rosie and is blessed with many children.[9]
The Jungian analyst Pia Skogemann views Sam as standing for one of thefour cognitive functions, namely feeling, with the other three assigned to the other hobbits in the Fellowship: Frodo stands for thinking, Pippin for intuition, and Merry for sensation.[10]
During the journey to destroy the Ring, Sam'srelationship with Frodo exemplifies that of a military servant orbatman to his assigned officer in theBritish Army, in particular in theFirst World War in which Tolkien had served as an officer, with different batmen at different times.[T 19] HisbiographerJohn Garth stated:[11]
The relationship between Frodo and Sam closely reflects the hierarchy of an officer and his servant [in the First World War]. Officers had a university education and a middle-class background. Working-class men stayed at the rank of private or at best sergeant. A social gulf divides the literate, leisured Frodo from his former gardener, now responsible for wake-up calls, cooking and packing... Tolkien maps the gradual breakdown of restraint [through prolonged peril] until Sam can take Frodo in his arms and call him "Mr Frodo, my dear."[11]
Tolkien wrote in a private letter: "My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates andbatmen I knew inthe 1914 war, and recognised as so far superior to myself."[T 19] and elsewhere: "Sam was cocksure, and deep down a little conceited; but his conceit had been transformed by his devotion to Frodo. He did not think of himself as heroic or even brave, or in any way admirable – except in his service and loyalty to his master."[T 20]
Although Tolkien does not explicitly say so, Sam is in effect Frodo's self-appointedmanservant, carrying out more mundane chores thus relieving his "master" of the necessity to do so, the term being used in (for example) Ishay Landa's essay "Slaves of the Ring: Tolkien's Political Unconscious".[12] Tolkien himself gets closest to this terminology, possibly inadvertently, when in the account "Of The Rings of Power" inThe Simarillion he writes: "For Frodo the Halfling, it is said, at the bidding of Mithrandir took on himself the burden [of destroying the One Ring], and alone with his servant he passed through peril and darkness and came at last in Sauron's despite even to Mount Doom; and there into the Fire where it was wrought he cast the Great Ring of Power, and so at last it was unmade and its evil consumed."[T 21]
Tolkien states in his "Guide to the Names inThe Lord of the Rings" fortranslators of the book that he took the name "Gamgee" from a colloquial word inBirmingham forcotton wool. This came fromGamgee Tissue, a surgical dressing invented by the 19th-century Birmingham surgeonSampson Gamgee.[13][T 22] He claimed to have been genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was inThe Lord of the Rings but had not read the book. Tolkien replied politely[T 23] and sent Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. He recorded in his journal "For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with."[T 24][a]
In the fiction, Tolkien pretends that Sam's name is translated from theWestronBanazîr Galbasi. The forename comes from elements meaning "halfwise" or "simple", exactly matching theOld EnglishSamwís.Galbasi comes from the name of the villageGalabas. This uses the elementsgalab-, meaning "game", andbas-, roughly matching theEnglish placename endings "-wich" or "-wick" (meaning in Old English a dwelling or specialised farm[14]). Inhis frame story role as "translator" of theRed Book of Westmarch, Tolkien devised a strict English translation,Samwís Gamwich, which develops intoSamwise Gammidgy and eventually comes toSamwise Gamgee in modern English.[T 26]
Tolkien states in a letter that "Since Sam was close friends of the family of Cotton (another village-name), I was led astray into the Hobbit-like joke of spelling Gamwichy [as] Gamgee, though I do not think that in actual Hobbit-dialect the joke really arose", i.e.he was punning on the connected meanings in English of the Gamgee and Cotton family names, "cotton wool" and "cotton [fabric]".[T 27]
In the 1971Mind's Eye radio adaptation, Sam was voiced byLou Bliss.[15]InRalph Bakshi's 1978animated version ofThe Lord of the Rings, Sam was voiced by Michael Scholes.[16]In the 1980 animated version ofThe Return of the King, made for television, the character was voiced byRoddy McDowall.[17]In the 1981BBC radioadaptation ofThe Lord of the Rings, Sam was played byBill Nighy.[18]In the 1993 Finnish televisionminiseriesHobitit, Sam is portrayed by Pertti Sveholm.[19]
In thePeter Jackson moviesThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001),The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) andThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), Sam was played bySean Astin.[20] Thebatman relationship and class differences between Sam and Frodo are somewhat subdued, though Sam still refers to Frodo as "Mr." (but not "Master").[21]Entertainment Weekly called Sam Gamgee one of the "greatest sidekicks."[22]UGO Networks named Sam as one of their top heroes in entertainment.[23]
On stage, Sam was portrayed by Peter Howe in theTorontostage production ofThe Lord of the Rings, which opened in 2006.[24] In the United States, Sam was portrayed by Blake Bowden in theCincinnati productions ofThe Fellowship of the Ring (2001),The Two Towers (2002), andThe Return of the King (2003) forClear Stage Cincinnati.[25]
Faring the best are Mr. Bowden as sidekick Sam Gamgee
