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Samvara

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
One of the seven fundamental elements in Jainism
For Buddhist deity, seeCakrasaṃvara_Tantra § Deity,_myth_and_mandala.
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Jainism

Samvara (saṃvara) is one of thetattva or thefundamental reality of the world as per theJain philosophy. It means stoppage—the stoppage of the influx of the material karmas into the soul consciousness. The karmic process in Jainism is based on seven truths or fundamental principles (tattva) of Jainism which explain the human predicament.[1] Out of the seven, the four influxes (āsrava), bondage (bandha), stoppage (saṃvara) and release (nirjarā)—pertain to thekarmic process.[1]

Philosophical overview

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Saṃvara is the first step in the destruction of accumulated harmful karmas. The world or thesamsara is often described as an ocean and the soul as a boat trying to cross it and reach the shores of liberation. The boat is leaking i.e. karmic particles are getting attached to the soul. Hence the first step is to stop the leak and prevent new water from entering the boat. This issaṃvara. Jains assert that emancipation is not possible as long as the soul remains unreleased from the bondage of these karmas. Release is made possible bysaṃvara; that is, the stopping of inflow of new karmas, andnirjarā; the shedding of existing harmful karma through conscious efforts.[2]

Means ofsaṃvara

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Samvara or stoppage of karmic influx is achieved through practice of:

  1. Threeguptis or three controls of mind, speech and body,[3]
  2. Fivesamitis or observing carefulness in movement, speaking, eating, placing objects and disposing refuse.[4]
  3. Tendharmas or observation of good acts like – forgiveness, humility, straightforwardness, contentment, truthfulness, self-control, penance, renunciation, non-attachment and continence.[5]
  4. Anuprekshas or meditation on the truths of this universe.[5]
  5. Pariṣahajaya, that is, a man on moral path must develop a perfectly patient and unperturbed attitude in the midst of trying and difficult circumstances.[5]
  6. Cāritra, that is, endeavour to remain in steady spiritual practices.[6]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abSoni, Jayandra (1998). E. Craig (ed.)."Jain Philosophy".Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Archived fromthe original on 22 July 2006. Retrieved5 March 2008.
  2. ^Sanghvi, Sukhlal (1974).Commentary on Tattvārthasūtra of Vācaka Umāsvāti. Translated by K. K. Dixit. Ahmedabad: L. D. Institute of Indology. p. 320.
  3. ^Bhattacharya, H. S. (1976).Jain Moral Doctrine. Mumbai: Jain Sahitya Vikas Mandal. p. 45.
  4. ^Bhattacharya, H. S. (1976) pp. 45–46
  5. ^abcBhattacharya, H. S. (1976) p. 46
  6. ^Bhattacharya, H. S. (1976) p. 47
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