Samuel Parris | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Samuel Parris | |
| Born | 1653 London, England |
| Died | February 27, 1720(1720-02-27) (aged 66–67) Sudbury, Massachusetts, Province of Massachusetts Bay |
| Alma mater | Harvard College |
| Known for | Father and uncle ofSalem witch trials accusers; accuser along with his daughter and niece |
| Spouses | |
| Children | Thomas Parris Elizabeth Parris Susannah Parris |
| Relatives | Abigail Williams (niece) |
Samuel Parris (1653 – February 27, 1720) was aPuritan minister in theProvince of Massachusetts Bay. Also a businessman and one-time plantation owner, he gained notoriety for being the minister of the church inSalem Village, Massachusetts during theSalem witch trials of 1692. Accusations by Parris and his daughter against an enslaved woman precipitated an expanding series of witchcraft accusations.[1]
Samuel Parris, son of Thomas Parris, was born inLondon, England to a family of modest financial success and religiousnonconformity.[2] Samuel emigrated toBoston in the early 1660s, where he attendedHarvard College at his father's behest. When his father died in 1673, Samuel left Harvard to take up his inheritance inBarbados, where he maintained a sugar plantation.
In 1680, after a hurricane hit Barbados, damaging much of his property, Parris sold a little of his land and returned to Boston, where he brought the woman he enslaved,Tituba, and married Elizabeth Eldridge.[3] Eldridge was noted by many as being incredibly beautiful, and was said to be one of the most beautiful women in Salem Village.[4][5] Together they had three children, Thomas Parris,Elizabeth Parris, and Susannah Parris. Although the plantation supported his merchant ventures, Parris was dissatisfied with his lack of financial security and began to look to the ministry. In 1685 he briefly served as minister in Stow Massachusetts. In July 1689, he becameminister of Salem Village (nowDanvers), Massachusetts.
Salem Village was a contentious place to live and was known to be quarrelsome by neighboring towns and villages.[6] Its dispersed settlement pattern may have resulted in a lack of a sense of common purpose that may have united more orderly and arranged communities.[7] Parris was the fourth minister appointed in a series of unsuccessful attempts to keep a permanent minister. James Bayley (1673–79) andGeorge Burroughs (1680–83) each stayed only a few years, departing after the congregation failed to pay their full rates.Deodat Lawson (1684–88) left with less contention. Further tension was caused by Parris' delay in accepting the position and his inability to resolve his parishioners' disputes. There were also disputes over Parris' compensation. In October 1691, the town decided to stop paying his wages. These issues, and others that were more personal between the villagers, continued to grow unabated.[8]Samuel Parris had the power to jail the people of Salem and used it on specific occasions.
The events which led to theSalem witch trials began when Parris' daughter,Betty, and her cousin,Abigail Williams, accused Tituba, the woman Parris enslaved, ofwitchcraft. Parris beat Tituba until she confessed herself as a witch,[9] and John Indian, her husband, began accusing others.[citation needed][dubious –discuss] The delusion spread, and many were apprehended, most of whom were imprisoned. During the 16-month duration of the Salem witch trials phenomenon, 19 persons were hanged, and one,Giles Corey, was pressed to death.
During a 1692 sermon, Parris declared that "as in our textJohn 6:10 there was onedevil among the 12disciples… so in our churches, God knows how many Devils there are," encouraging antagonistic villagers to locate and destroy "witches" who, as it happened, were frequently individuals with whom Parris and his key allies, the Putnam family, had taken umbrage.[10]
As Parris had been an active prosecutor in the witchcraft cases, in 1693, his parish brought charges against Parris for his part in the trials.[4][11] Parris apologized in his essayMeditations for Peace, which he presented in November 1694.[12]Increase Mather led a church council which then vindicated him.[12]
Parris was then involved in a dispute with his congregation over parsonage land he had seized to compensate himself for the salary he was owed. The dispute found its way to anIpswich court, which, in 1697, ordered his salary to be paid and the land to be returned. By 1696, however, he had found his situation untenable. He resigned that year and left Salem. Records in theSuffolk Deeds indicate it likely he returned to business in Boston in 1697.[12]
His wife Elizabeth died in 1696. In 1699, he remarried, to Dorothy Noyes, in Sudbury.[12] He returned to preach for two or three years atStow. He then moved toConcord (1704/05).[4][12] He also preached six months inDunstable in 1711.[4] He died on February 27, 1720, inSudbury.[4][12]
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Parris features inArthur Miller's 1953 playThe Crucible, set against the backdrop of the witch trials. In the play, his daughter Elizabeth Parris is the first to become ill because of supposed witchcraft, of which she is accused. In the1957 and1996 film adaptations of Miller's play, he was portrayed byJean Debucourt andBruce Davison, respectively.
AuthorJohn Neal made Parris a character inRachel Dyer (1828), which is the first bound novel about the witch trials.[13] In this version of the story his name is Matthew Paris,[14] a socially isolated man who is threatened by Tituba's relationship with John Indian and accuses her out of sexual frustration.[15]
Parris is also a character in the 1964 novelTituba of Salem Village byAnn Petry and the 1986 novelI, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem byMaryse Condé, both books depicting the witch trials.
In the novelSupernatural: One Year Gone, Parris is portrayed as having been manipulated by the real witches into starting the trials and also manipulated the girls to accuse his enemies and rivals to get rid of them. At the end of the novel, after the truth is revealed, he swears to put an end to the innocent women.
Road to Endor was written in 1940 by Esther Barstow Hammand. It uses facts from Parris' life and weaves them into fictional life. Hammand tells readers in an author's note, "This book is fiction. Although I have delved into many old records and used all reasonable care to dig up whatever historical facts are available, the research has been hampered by unusual difficulties." The tale begins with Samuel's birth and continues until the dreaded year of the trials.
Samuel Parris is portrayed in theJayce Landberg song "Happy 4 U", featured on Landberg's 2020 albumThe Forbidden World.[16]
Attribution
