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Samuel Joseph May | |
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| Born | September 12, 1797 |
| Died | July 1, 1871(1871-07-01) (aged 73) |
| Spouse | Lucretia Flagge Coffin |
| Parent(s) | Colonel Joseph May and Dorothy Sewall |
Samuel Joseph May (September 12, 1797 – July 1, 1871) was an American reformer during the nineteenth century who championed education, women's rights, andabolition of slavery. May argued on behalf of all working people that the rights of humanity were more important than the rights of property, and advocated forminimum wages and legal limitations on the amassing of wealth.
He was born on September 12, 1797, in an upper-class Boston area. May was the son of Colonel Joseph May, a merchant, and Dorothy Sewell, who was descended from or connected to many of the leading families of colonial Massachusetts, including the Quincys and the Hancocks. His sister wasAbby May Alcott, mother of novelistLouisa May Alcott.[1] In 1825, he married Lucretia Flagge Coffin, with whom he had five children. AuthorEve LaPlante, who wrote several books about his sister Abby May Alcott and a book about Sewall ancestor JudgeSamuel Sewall, is one of his direct descendants.
May was raised in Boston, Massachusetts, where he had been born in 1797 to Joseph May and Dorothy May (née Sewall). When he was four years old his six-year-old brother Edward died while they were at play in their barn. May claimed that the loss of his brother and the dreams he had following the fatal accident led him to devote his life to God and inspired his passion to "rectify the world's wrongs."[1] He started attendingHarvard in 1813 at the age of fifteen; during his junior year he chose to become a minister. In addition, while he was at Harvard and afterwards, he taught school inConcord, Massachusetts. During this time, he met many prominentUnitarians and activists, includingNoah Worcester, who instilled in May the idea of peaceful opposition.[2] He was in a party that was one of the first to travel on theCrawford Path, opened in 1819 byAbel and Ethan Crawford as a route to the summit ofMount Washington, New Hampshire, and today considered to be the oldestWhite Mountains trail in continuous use.[3]
May graduated fromHarvard Divinity School in 1820 and became aUnitarian minister. (SeeHarvard Divinity School and Unitarianism.) Following his graduation, he considered preaching in New York City and Richmond, Virginia, prior to accepting a position inBrooklyn, Connecticut, as the only Unitarian minister in that state. He came to the forefront of the Unitarian movement and became well known throughout New England as he attempted to make reforms and establish Unitarian churches.[2]
In 1825, he married Lucretia Flagge Coffin, with whom he had five children: Joseph May, John Edward May, Charlotte Coffin (May) Wilkinson, Rev. Joseph May and George Emerson May. Their eldest son named Joseph died young. They also named a later son Joseph, in honor of him and May's father, Colonel Joseph May.
May began a biweekly publication,The Liberal Christian, in January 1823;[4] its main goal was to explain the Unitarian theology.[further explanation needed] He helped in the formation of Windham County Peace Society in 1826; in 1827, May organized a statewide convention for school reform in Connecticut, and he started a series of lectures in 1828. Meanwhile, he also belonged to theAmerican Colonization Society, whose purpose was to send free blacks to (not "back to") Africa. May's belief in perfectionism through imitation of the life of Jesus Christ strongly influenced his involvement in reform movements. A pacifist, he actively participated in establishing peace societies, speaking out against the death penalty, and advocating nonresistance. He practiced this last belief to the extent of rejecting self-defense. He became a leader in thetemperance movement, believing it to be a form ofabolitionism, since he saw men as "slaves" to drink. He was perhaps most renowned for his work in education reform, as he sought to improve facilities, teachers, and curriculum in public elementary schools. May believed schools should be racially integrated and coeducational, and he advocated the philosophy of Swiss theoristJohann Pestalozzi.[further explanation needed] He spent time tutoring his sisterAbigail May in philosophy and the humanities and wrote in a letter to her, "What you say relative to the need for universal education is certainly true. Nothing is of unimportance in the formation of the mind."[1]
In 1830, May happened to meet and create a strong friendship withWm. Lloyd Garrison, which brought him into theabolitionist movement. Although his abolitionist views alienated his family, friends, and other clergymen, he remained true to his beliefs. He helped Garrison found theNew England Anti-Slavery Society, theAmerican Anti-Slavery Society, and theNew England Non-Resistance Society, in addition to working for theMassachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.[5] He served as one of the writers for the constitutions of some of these societies, and as a lecturer and general agent for the New England Anti-Slavery Society. Fighting for racial equality and better schools, May assistedPrudence Crandall in the 1830s when residents ofCanterbury, Connecticut, through the state legislature, made it illegal for her to run herCanterbury Female Boarding School for "young Ladies and little Misses of color".[6]This experience caused him to abandon his support for thecolonization movement, sinceAndrew T. Judson, Connecticut's leading colonizationist, led the attack on Crandall's school. May was one of the delegates from the United States who attended theWorld Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840.[7]
May became pastor of the Unitarian Church of the Messiah ofSyracuse, New York, in 1845, serving until 1868. He fought theFugitive Slave Law of 1850 by making announcements during his sermons of fugitive slaves in the area and taking collections on their behalf, as well as aiding escaped slaves along theUnderground Railroad. As a prominent abolitionist in the city, May, with the help of manyLiberty Party members, includingGerrit Smith andSamuel Ringgold Ward, planned and successfully executed the rescue ofJerry, a man arrested as a fugitive slave, from the police. In addition to fighting for the abolition of slavery, he fought for the equality of free Blacks in his congregations by allowing them to sit in the front as opposed to the segregated rear pews. This led to reproach from white congregation members and also to him quitting some of his parishes.[which?] These actions, particularly late in the 1850s and immediately afterLincoln was elected President in 1860, led abolitionism's opponents to violently attack May[how?] as well as burn him ineffigy.[where?]
May opposed efforts to block the establishment of schools for African Americans. He was a critic ofAndrew T. Judson.
In addition to speaking and writing pamphlets and articles concerning abolitionism, May was a leading advocate in women's rights andsuffrage. Most notably, he wroteThe Rights and Condition of Women in 1846 in favor of giving women the right to vote and allowing them equality in all aspects of life. May's work with the women's movement prompted him to move towards socialist economic views including redistribution of the nation's wealth, overhaul of the legal system, and a "soak-the-rich" income tax. He published a variety of other writings including"Education of the Faculties" (Boston, 1846);"Revival of Education" (Syracuse, New York, 1855): and"Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict" (Boston, 1868).
By the time of theAmerican Civil War, May had long been torn between his commitment to pacifism and his growing belief that slavery could not be destroyed without violence. He felt that the use of force against the Southern rebellion was necessary. Following the war and success of emancipation, May continued his work for racial, sexual, economic, and educational equality until the end of his life, including service as president of the Syracuse public school district.[8]
Samuel Joseph May died on July 1, 1871, inSyracuse, New York. He is buried atOakwood Cemetery, Syracuse, New York.[9]
May donated a collection of more than 10,000 works to theCornell University Library in 1870. These included pamphlets, leaflets, and other local, regional, and national anti-slavery documents. AbolitionistsWilliam Lloyd Garrison,Wendell Phillips, andGerrit Smith issued an appeal for additional contributions to the collection so that the literature of the anti-slavery movement would be "preserved and handed down, that the purposes and the spirit, the methods and the aims of the Abolitionists should be clearly known and understood by future generations."[10]
In 1999, the Cornell University Library received a $331,000 grant "to catalog, conserve, and digitize the collection."[11] This has been completed, and the collection is available online.[10]
In 1885, the Unitarian Church of the Messiah, in Syracuse, was renamed in May's honor to May Memorial Unitarian Church; it is now theMay Memorial Unitarian Universalist Society (MMUUS).[12]
In 2018, May was inducted into theNational Abolition Hall of Fame inPeterboro, New York.
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