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Sambalpur | |
|---|---|
City | |
| Nickname: Handloom City | |
  Sambalpur Location in Odisha, India Show map of Odisha Sambalpur Sambalpur (India) Show map of India Sambalpur Sambalpur (Asia) Show map of Asia.svg) Sambalpur Sambalpur (Earth) Show map of Earth | |
| Coordinates:21°28′N83°58′E / 21.47°N 83.97°E /21.47; 83.97 | |
| Country |  India |
| State |  Odisha |
| District | Sambalpur |
| Named after | Maa Samaleswari |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal Corporation |
| • Body | Sambalpur Municipal Corporation (SMC) |
| • District Magistrate | Siddheshwar Baliram Bondar,IAS[1] |
| • Municipal Commissioner | Shri Rehan Khatri,IAS |
| • Member of Parliament | Dharmendra Pradhan,BJP |
| • Member of Legislative Assembly | Jay Narayan Mishra,BJP |
| Area | |
• Total | 303 km2 (117 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 5th |
| Elevation | 135 m (443 ft) |
| Population (2011)[2] | |
• Total | 335,761 |
| • Rank | 133rd in India and 5th in Odisha according to 2011 census |
| • Density | 1,110/km2 (2,870/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Sambalpuria |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Odia,English |
| • Spoken | Sambalpuri |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 768001-768XXX |
| Telephone code | 0663 |
| Vehicle registration | OD-15 |
| Literacy | 63.59% |
| Website | smcsambalpur |
Sambalpur (Odia:[sɔmbɔlɔpuɾɔ]ⓘ) is the fifth-largest city in the Indian State ofOdisha. It is located on the banks of riverMahanadi, with a population of 335,761 (as per 2011 census).[2][3][4] Prehistoric settlements have been recorded there. It is the home of theSambalpuri sari.
The city contains many temples, historic buildings and parks. Educational institutes includeSambalpur University,Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR),Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT),Gangadhar Meher University,Indian Institute of Management Sambalpur andOdisha State Open University (OSOU).Hirakud Dam, the longest earthen dam in the world and the largest artificial lake of Asia, is at Sambalpur.[5]
After the independence of India, many commercial and government establishments sprung up in and around Sambalpur. It is a major railway junction of Odisha with the headquarters of Sambalpur Railway Division under theEast Coast Railway Zone.National Highway 53,National Highway 55 pass through the City andState Highway 10 & 15 originate from the city.[6]
Sambalpur derives its name from the HinduGoddess Samalei (Odia:ସମଲେଇ ମାଁ), who is regarded as the reigning deity of the region.[7] The region in which Sambalpur city is located was also known as Hirakhanda[8] from ancient times. Historically, it has also been known as "Sambalaka".Claudius Ptolemy called it "Sambalak".
Artifacts have been discovered that indicate settlement in prehistoric times.[10] Some historians identify it as the city of "Sambalaka" mentioned by the second century CE Roman geographerPtolemy, who mentioned that the city produces diamonds.[11] In the fourth century CE, the Gupta emperor conquered the territory of "Dakshina Koshala", comprising roughly present day Sambalpur, Bilaspur, and Raipur.[12] In the early sixth century CE Chalukya king Pulakesin II is said to have conqueredsouth Kosala by defeating the thenPanduvamsi king Balarjuna Sivagupta.[13] The next dynasty to rule South Kosala was theSombvamsi dynasty. Somavamshi King Janamajaya-I Mahabhavagupta (Circa 882–922 CE) consolidated the eastern part of Kosala comprising the modern undivided Sambalpur and Bolangir districts and established matrimonial relationship with the Bhauma-Kara dynasty ruling over the coastal modern Odisha. After Uddyotakeshari (c. 1040–1065 C.E.), the Somavamshi kingdom declined gradually. The dynasty lost its territories to the Nagas in the north-west, and the Gangas in the south.[14] After the decline of Somvamshis the area came under Telugu Chodas for a short period. The last Telugu Choda king of south Kosala was Somesvara III who was defeated by Kalachuri king Jajalladeva-I around 1119 CE.[15][16] The kalachuris had an intermittent conflict with the Ganga Dynasty of Utkala (present-day coastal Odisha). Ultimately Kalachuris lost the Sambalpur Sonepur region to Gangas during reign of Anangabhima Deva-III(1211–1238 C.E.).[17] The Ganga kingdom ruled the Sambalpur region for two more centuries, but faced aggression of the Bengal sultanate from the north and Vijayanagara and Bahmani empires of the south. These struggles weakened the Ganga hold on Sambalpur. Ultimately Ramai Deva, a Chauhan Rajput from North India founded Chauhan rule in western Orissa.[18]
Sambalpur came under theBhonsle ofNagpur when theMaratha conquered Sambalpur in 1800. After theThird Anglo-Maratha War in 1817, the British Government returned Sambalpur to the Chauhan king, Jayant Singh, but his authority over the other princely states was taken out.[19][20]
In January 1896,Hindi was made the official language of Sambalpur, replacing theOdia language, which after violent protests was reinstated again.[21] During the partition ofBengal in 1905 Sambalpur and the adjacent Odia-speaking tracts were amalgamated with the Odisha Division underBengal Presidency. Bengal's Odisha division became part of the new province ofBihar and Odisha in 1912, and in April 1936 became the separate province of Odisha, with addition of UndividedGanjam and Koraput districts from Madras Presidency.[22] After Indian Independence on 15 August 1947, Odisha became an Indianstate. The rulers of the princely states ofWestern Odisha acceded to theGovernment of India in January 1948 and became part of Odisha state.
From 1825 to 1827, Lieutenant Colonel Gilbert (1785–1853), later Lieutenant GeneralSir Walter Gilbert, 1st Baronet, G.C.B., was the political agent for the South West Frontier with headquarters at Sambalpur. Several paintings made during his stay at Sambalpur by an unknown artist are currently in theBritish Library andVictoria and Albert Museum.[23]
Although it is generally accepted that Tantric Buddhism first developed in the country of Uddiyana or Odra Desha under King Indrabhuti, there is an old and well knownscholarly dispute as to whether Uddiyana or Odra was in the Swat valley, Odisha or some other place.
Indrabhuti, the oldest known king of Sambalpur, foundedVajrayana, while his sister, who was married to Yuvaraja Jalendra of Lankapuri (Suvarnapur), founded Sahajayana. These new Tantric cults ofBuddhism introduced themantra,mudra andmandala along with six Tantric Abhicharas (practices) such as Marana, Stambhana, Sammohana, Vidvesan, Uchchatana and Vajikarana. The Tantric Buddhist sects made efforts to raise the dignity of the lowest of the low of the society to a higher plane. It revived primitive beliefs and practices a simpler and less formal approach to the personal god, a liberal and respectful attitude towards women and denial of caste system.[24]
From the seventh century A.D. onwards, many popular religious elements of heterogeneous nature were incorporated intoMahayana Buddhism which finally resulted in the origin of Vajrayana, Kalachakrayana and Sahajayana Tantric Buddhism. Tantric Buddhism first developed in Uddiyana, a country which was divided into two kingdoms, Sambhala and Lankapuri. Sambhala has been identified with Sambalpur and Lankapuri with Subarnapura (Sonepur).[25]
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Sambalpur is located at 21°.27' North Latitude and 83°.58' East Longitude. The average elevation is 150.75 metres (494.6 ft) above the mean sea level. Sambalpur falls under the Zone-3 seismic number, which shows the possibility of an earthquake.[27]
Sambalpur lies on the bank of the riverMahanadi. The river flows to the west of the city and separatesBurla from Sambalpur and Hirakud. The Hirakud Dam lies upstream of Sambalpur.Budharaja is a small reserve forest located within the city. Sambalpur experiences an extreme type of climate with hot and dry summers followed by humidmonsoons and cold winters. The hot season commences from the first week of March and lasts until the second half of June. In May, the temperature rises up to 47 °C (117 °F). In December, the temperature comes down to 5 °C (41 °F).[28] Sambalpur gets rainfall from the south western monsoon. The most pleasant months in Sambalpur are from October to February, during which time the humidity and heat are at their lowest. During this period, temperatures during the day stay below 30 °C (86 °F) and drop to about 20 °C (68 °F) at night. This season is followed by a hot summer, from March to May. The summer gives way to the monsoon season. Since 1982 as per the data available with District Emergency section, Sambalpur, there has not been a single occurrence of cyclone in Sambalpur. There are possibilities of strong winds with the speed of 53 km/h (33 mph) before the onset of monsoon.[27]The relative humidity is high during the rainy season, generally being over 75%. After the rainy season the humidity gradually decreases and the weather becomes dry towards the winter. The best time to visit Sambalpur is between September and March. The heaviest-ever recorded rainfall in Sambalpur was 581.9 mm (22.91 in) in 1982, which was the highest ever in Odisha until September 2010.[29] The low-lying areas of the Sambalpur town on Mahanadi river are prone to flooding.[27]
| Climate data for Sambalpur, Odisha (Normals: 1991–2020, Records: 1901–2012) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.9 (93.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | 44.7 (112.5) | 46.6 (115.9) | 47.7 (117.9) | 49.0 (120.2) | 42.9 (109.2) | 40.0 (104.0) | 39.9 (103.8) | 40.9 (105.6) | 36.1 (97.0) | 34.1 (93.4) | 49.0 (120.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.9 (82.2) | 31.2 (88.2) | 35.4 (95.7) | 39.5 (103.1) | 41.2 (106.2) | 37.1 (98.8) | 31.9 (89.4) | 31.5 (88.7) | 32.7 (90.9) | 32.8 (91.0) | 30.7 (87.3) | 28.4 (83.1) | 33.3 (91.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.5 (52.7) | 14.8 (58.6) | 18.9 (66.0) | 22.9 (73.2) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.1 (77.2) | 24.1 (75.4) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.6 (74.5) | 21.0 (69.8) | 15.8 (60.4) | 11.5 (52.7) | 19.8 (67.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) | 5.2 (41.4) | 8.8 (47.8) | 14.4 (57.9) | 16.0 (60.8) | 17.0 (62.6) | 18.2 (64.8) | 16.8 (62.2) | 17.8 (64.0) | 11.5 (52.7) | 7.4 (45.3) | 3.8 (38.8) | 3.6 (38.5) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 15.2 (0.60) | 15.0 (0.59) | 14.5 (0.57) | 15.4 (0.61) | 30.1 (1.19) | 228.5 (9.00) | 402.2 (15.83) | 494.6 (19.47) | 238.7 (9.40) | 52.8 (2.08) | 4.1 (0.16) | 5.8 (0.23) | 1,516.9 (59.72) |
| Average rainy days | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 9.2 | 16.0 | 16.8 | 10.7 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 65.7 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%)(at 17:30IST) | 57 | 52 | 47 | 40 | 39 | 57 | 79 | 81 | 78 | 71 | 66 | 62 | 61 |
| Source:India Meteorological Department[30][26][31] | |||||||||||||
Roads
Sambalpur is connected to the rest of Odisha and India by national highway –NH 53/Economic Corridor 1 (EC1), which is a part of Asian Highway-AH46 (Mumbai-Kolkata Highway).NH 55 connects withCuttack andBhubaneswar, State Highway 15 connects withSonepur, State Highway 10 (SH10) connects withJharsuguda andRourkela and the newBiju Expressway connectsRourkela-Sambalpur-Bargarh-Jagdalpur. Most parts of the city are well connected with government-providedMo Bus services.[32]
Rail
Sambalpur is one of the three railway divisions underEast Coast Railway zone ofIndian Railways.Sambalpur Junction railway station (SBP) is a major railway station in Odisha and headquarters ofSambalpur railway division. This railway station is the cleanest railway station of East Coast Railway declared by Indian Railway. There are three other railway stations serving Sambalpur: Sambalpur City Railway Station, Hirakud, across theMahanadi and Maneswar Railway Station.
Air
The nearest airport isVeer Surendra Sai Airport,Jharsuguda (62 km; 39 mi).Biju Patnaik International Airport,Bhubaneswar is located at a distance of (325 km; 202 mi). Other nearby airports areSwami Vivekananda International Airport,Raipur andBirsa Munda Airport,Ranchi.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1891 | 14,571 | — |
| 1901 | 12,870 | −11.7% |
| 1941 | 17,079 | +32.7% |
| 1950 | 23,525 | +37.7% |
| 1961 | 38,915 | +65.4% |
| 1971 | 64,675 | +66.2% |
| 1981 | 110,283 | +70.5% |
| 1991 | 189,611 | +71.9% |
| 2001 | 226,469 | +19.4% |
| 2011 | 269,565 | +19.0% |
| 1891 to 1981 data of Sambalpur Municipality; from 1991 onwards the data presented is of Sambalpur Municipal Corporation Area Source:[33] | ||
Sambalpur city is governed by a Municipality which comes under Sambalpur Municipal Corporation Area. As of 2011[update] India census,[34] Although Sambalpur city has a population of 183,383, its urban population is 269,575, of whom 138,826 are males and 130,749 are females;[35] this includesBurla and Hirakud. Sambalpur has an average literacy rate of 85.69%, in which male literacy is 90.30 and female literacy is 80.92 percent. The sex ratio is 942 and the child sex ratio is 882. The total children (0–6) in Sambalpur city were 18,555 as per the Census India report of 2011. There were 9,857 boys while 8,698 were girls.
The economy of Sambalpur is basically dependent on trade. Most of the residents are either salaried or self-employed. Forest products play an important role in the economy in terms of contribution to revenue and domestic product. Kendu leaf, Coromandel ebony or East Indian ebony (Diospyros melanoxylon) also forms part of the local economy, with manybidi manufacturing units functioning in Sambalpur.[36]
Gole Bazaar is the main merchandising area of the city. It is famous for handloom and other textile products.[37][38] Other merchandising areas are Khetrajpur, Fatak, V.S.S. marg, Budharaja and Farm road. Budharaja is the central hub of the malls and jewellery shops.
Mahanadi Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary ofCoal India Limited located at Sambalpur, produced 100.28 million tonnes (98.70 million long tons; 110.54 million short tons) of coal and had a profit before tax during 2010–2011 at Rs 4039.30 crore.[39]Hirakud, in the vicinity of Sambalpur, was conceptualized as an industrial town by the erstwhile Chief Minister of Odisha,Biju Patnaik. On completion of theHirakud Dam, power intensive industries such as aluminium smelters, cable manufacturing, steel re-rolling mills etc. established their presence in Hirakud. In the 1970s, Hirakud was a major industrial centre of Odisha, perhaps next only toRourkela. At this point in time however, the main functional unit at Hirakud is the aluminium smelter ofHindalco and its associated units. The smelter set up byJindal Steel and Power in 1959 at Hirakud and later acquired byHindalco, was the country's second aluminium smelter operating on grid power sourced from the hydro power station of the Hirakud Dam.[5] It was the first in India to adopt clean coal combustion technology that uses a circulating fluidised bed, which is considered environmentally friendly.[5] Currently the smelter has a capacity of 213,000 tonnes per year (210,000 long tons per year; 235,000 short tons per year), and provides employment to around 1700 people.[5]
The pre-collegiatemedium of instruction in schools is predominantly English andOdia. The medium of instruction in educational institutions aftermatriculation in colleges is English. Other media of instruction also exist in Sambalpur. Schools and colleges in Sambalpur are either government-run or run by private trusts and individuals. The schools are affiliated with either theOrissa State Board underBSE orCHSE,Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) and theCentral Board for Secondary Education (CBSE). After completing 10 years of schooling in secondary education, students enroll in higher secondary school, specialising in one of the three streams – Arts,Commerce orScience.
Since the 2000s, there have been a large number of professional institutions established in a variety of fields. The earliest schools established in Sambalpur were theCSB Zilla School (1852) and the Lady Lewis Girls High School (1942).[40]VSS Medical College was established in 1959 andVSSUT in 1956. High School for Blind (1972) and High School for Deaf and Dumb (1972),Burla are Govt. educational institutions imparting education to physically challenged children.[40]
Sambalpur Kala Parishad is the pioneering organisation for the promotion of Sambalpuri dance, and has been responsible for the revolutionary growth of this dance.[41] It imparts education and training on this form of dance.
Educational institutions in the city includeGangadhar Meher University,[42] Government Women's College, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose College,Lajpat Rai Law College,Silicon Institute of Technology, Sambalpur,Delhi Public School,Kendriya Vidyalaya,St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School (SJC-SBP), Gurunanak Public School, Madnawati Public School (MPS), Indian Public School (IPS), St. John's School, Seven Hills Residential School (SHRS),Sri Aurobindo School (SAIIE&R) andDAV Public School. A newIndian Institute of Management, Sambalpur (IIM) has been set up in the city. The Sambalpur chapter of the Institute of Cost Accountants of India[43] was set up in 2010.[44]
A cultural manifestation of the hidden age-old traditional performing art of a vast geographical area is possible through this annual celebration of the festival called Lok Mahotsav. This festival is a reflection of the socio-anthropological evolution of the people of India. Lok Mahotsav shows the integrity and unison of the heritage, culture, music and lifestyle ofWestern Odisha. Live performances of folk music and dance from all parts of India are shown under one splendid stage.[45]
This is the marriage ceremony of the godSiva and goddessParvati. Sitalsasthi is a carnival of folk dance and music along with decorated stands of gods and goddesses. People from all walks of life participate in large numbers in the carnival. Artists from different states of India take part in the carnival making it a colourful extravaganza.[46]
Kalachakra tantra was first taught by the Buddha to King Indrabhuti, the first dharmaraja of Shambhala.[47] It is widely believed that the next Hindu avatar known as Kalki will be born at Sambalpur or Shambhala, as this place was known in olden times. There are several mentions of the place Shambhala in different Hindu and Buddhist religious texts as the birthplace of Kalki. The Mahabharatra (Vana Parva, 190.93–97) and Srimad-Bhagavatam Bhag.12.2.18 give reference of Shambhala as the birthplace.[48][better source needed]
The world-famousHirakud Dam, built in 1956 across the Mahanadi River, about 15 km (9.3 mi) from Sambalpur, is a major tourist attraction. It is one of the longest dams in the world, about 26 km (16 mi) in length. It also forms the biggestartificial lake in Asia, with a reservoir covering 743 km2 (287 sq mi) at full capacity with a shoreline of over 640 km (400 mi).[49] It also attracts a large number of migratory birds in winter.
The Leaning Temple of Huma, located about 25 km (16 mi) from Sambalpur, built in the 17th century, leans at an angle of approximately 47 degrees to the west. (Pasayat, 1998, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008).[50] It is one of a kind in India.
Samaleswari Temple is the main temple of the goddessSamaleswari, located on the banks of river the Mahanadi. Sambalpur owes its name to her.[51]
Chiplima[52] (Chipilima Hydro Electric Project (CHEP)) located about 37 km (23 mi) from Sambalpur, is known for a natural fall (24.38 m (80.0 ft) in height) harnessed for generating electricity. It is an ideal picnic spot and famous forGhanteswari Temple, the presiding deity of the place. This temple played an important role for river navigation in the past.[52]
These are remnants of temples submerged after the dam was completed in 1957. In summer, due to the receding water of the dam, the structures become visible. These hidden treasures have finally caught the attention of historians and steps are being taken to understand the historical significance of these temples which periodically go under water, only to resurface again. Many temples have been destroyed after 58 years of underwater existence. However, some remain intact.[53]
Interest in these lost temples has been rekindled after two stones, etched with writing ('Shila Lekha'), were recovered from what is believed to be the Padmaseni temple of the submerged Padmapur village.[54] The temples located inside the reservoir area were part of the then Padmapur, one of the oldest and most populous villages in the region prior to the dam construction.[53] More than 200 temples were submerged by the dam; nearly 150 temples have either perished or are underwater and about 50 are visible during summer. These lost temples present excellent opportunities forscuba diving enthusiasts to explore under the Hirakud Dam. These temple are visible to visitors on boats only during the summer months of May and June.
Sambalpur is part ofSambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency).[55] Sitting MP from Sambalpur is MrDharmendra Pradhan ofBhartiya Janata Party (BJP). The current MLA ofSambalpur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency) isJayanarayan Mishra ofBhartiya Janata Party (BJP). Previous MLAs from this seat were Dr. Raseswari Panigrahi (BJD), who won this seat in 2014; Durgashankar Pattanaik ofINC, in 1995 and 1990; Sraddhakar Supakar of INC in 1985; Ashwini Kumar Guru of INC (I) in 1980; and Late Dr. Jhasaketan Sahu ofJNP in 1977. Sriballav Panigrahi of Indian National Congress represented Sambalpur in the Odisha Lesgislative Assembly in 1971 and 1973.[56]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Sambalpur travel guide from WikivoyageCapital:Bhubaneswar | |||||||
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