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Samara (fruit)

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Non-opening dry fruit with a flattened wing

For other uses, seeSamara (disambiguation).

Asamara (/səˈmɑːrə/,UK also:/ˈsæmərə/)^[1] is a wingedachene,^[2] a type offruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall. A samara is asimple dry fruit, and isindehiscent (notopening along a seam). The shape of a samara enables the wind to carry the seed further away from the tree than regular seeds would go,^[3] and is thus a form ofanemochory.

In some cases the seed is in the centre of the wing, as in theelms (genusUlmus), the hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata), and thebushwillows (genusCombretum). In other cases the seed is on one side, with the wing extending to the other side, making the seedautorotate as it falls, as in themaples (genusAcer) andash trees (genusFraxinus).^[4]

There are also single-wing samara such asmahogany (genusSwietenia) which have a shape that enables fluttering.

Some species that normally produce paired samaras, such asAcer pseudoplatanus, can also produce them in groups of three or four.^[5]

Unusual group of three samaras of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus. Normally, they are in pairs.)
Seeds of the tropical ash (Fraxinus uhdei)
The hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata)
The Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila)

In culture

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A samara is sometimes called akey^[2] and is often referred to as awingnut,helicopter,whirlybird,whirligig,polynose, or, in the north of England, aspinning jenny.^[6] During the autumn months, they are a popular source of amusement for people that enjoy tossing them in the air and watching them spin to the ground.

References

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^"samara".Oxford English Dictionary online edition. Oxford University Press. Retrieved30 July 2018.
^^a ^bGray, Asa (1875).Botany for young people and common subjects : how plants grow : a simple introduction to structural botany : with popular flora, or an arrangement and description of common plants, both wild and cultivated : illustrated by 500 wood engravings. Fisher - University of Toronto. New York : Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor. p. 79.
^Fergus, Charles (1 January 2002).Trees of Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Stackpole Books.ISBN 9780811720922.
^Alexander, David E.; Vogel, Steven (13 October 2004).Nature's Flyers: Birds, Insects, and the Biomechanics of Flight. JHU Press.ISBN 9780801880599.
^Niklas, Karl J. (1 August 1992).Plant Biomechanics: An Engineering Approach to Plant Form and Function. University of Chicago Press.ISBN 9780226586304.
^Tyler, Sally (21 August 2014)."Seed dispersal by wind: Gone with the wind".Woodland Trust. Archived fromthe original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved15 March 2016.

v t e Types offruits
Types of fruits	Achene Berry Hesperidium Pepo Capsule Caryopsis Drupe Follicle Legume Loment Nut Pome Samara Schizocarp Silique Syconium
Categories of fruits	Accessory fruit Simple fruit Compound fruit Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit Dehiscent fruit
Function	Diaspore Drift fruit

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In culture

References

Further reading