Salama سلمة Selmeh | |
|---|---|
 Salama Abu Hashim's shrine, Salama | |
.jpg) 1870s map.jpg) 1940s map.jpg) modern map.jpg) 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Salama, Jaffa (click the buttons) | |
  Salama Location withinMandatory Palestine | |
| Coordinates:32°02′57″N34°48′18″E / 32.04917°N 34.80500°E /32.04917; 34.80500 | |
| Palestine grid | 131/161 |
| Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
| Subdistrict | Jaffa |
| Date of depopulation | 25 April 1948[2] |
| Area | |
• Total | 6,782dunams (6.782 km2; 2.619 sq mi) |
| Population (1945) | |
• Total | 6,730[1] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault byYishuv forces |
| Current Localities | Tel Aviv |
Salamah (Arabic: سلمة) was aPalestinian Arab town located five kilometers east ofJaffa, that was depopulated in the lead-up to the1948 Arab-Israeli War. The town contained the reputed grave ofSalama Abu Hashim, acompanion of the prophetMuhammad. His tomb, two schools, and several houses are among the few surviving structures of the former settlement.[3][4]
Local tradition ascribes the name to Salama Abu Hashim. According to moderntoponymic analysis,Salamah originally derives from theSemitic root Š-L-M “to yield, pay,” combined with the Aramaic suffix -ā.[5]
The historic road from Jaffa to the village is today preserved as Salameh Road on the border ofTel Aviv and Jaffa.
In 1596, underOttoman rule, Salamah was a village in thenahiya of Ramla (liwa of Gaza), with a population of 17 Muslimhouseholds, an estimated 94 persons. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, includingwheat andbarley, as well as onlivestock andbeehives, amounting to 1,000Akçe.[6]
An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that Salama had 73houses and a population of 216 (men only).[7][8] In 1882 thePEF'sSurvey of Western Palestine described the village as built ofadobe brick, with gardens and wells.[9]
The central mosque of Salama and the domed shrine of Salama Abu Hashim were reconstructed in 1810 CE by Muhammad Abu Nabbut, governor of Jaffa.[10] A second mosque, the "Afghan Mosque," was built in 1927 by members of theAfghan community resident in the village.[11] Oral tradition also records additional mosques and several shrines (maqāms), among them those dedicated to Shaykh Ḥasan, Shaykh Muwannis, and Naʿīm ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Naḥḥām.[12]
In the1922 census of Palestine Salameh had a population of 1,187, all Muslims,[13] rising to 3,691 in the1931 census, in 800 houses.[14]
Education expanded during the Mandate: the government boys’school, opened in 1920, enrolling 880 students by 1941, while the girls’ school established in 1936 counted 250 pupils.[15] Additional schools, such as those of Shaykh Murshid Saʿadeh and Shaykh Ahmad al-Ṭībī, were founded through local patronage.[16] Many pupils pursued secondary studies in Jaffa, particularly at the prestigious ʿUmariyya School.[17]
By the 1940s, Salama had developed into a semi-urban economic hub. Fertile lands supportedcitrus,bananas,vegetables, andcereals, while enterprises includedweaving factories, dairies,flour mills, and a juice and soda plant.[18] Cooperative ventures such as the Salama Supply and Trade Co. and the Salama Land Investment Co. reflected its integration into regional markets.[19]Cafés and clubs functioned as centers of political and social life, hosting gatherings for groups like theMuslim Brotherhood and Najjada youth movement.[20]
In the1945 statistics the population had increased to 6,730, of whom 60 were Christians and 6,670 Muslims.[21] The total land area was 6,782 dunams, of which 3,248 were citrus and bananas, 684 for plantations and irrigable land, and 2,406 for cereals; 114 dunams were built-up areas.[22] Local records also note the sale of approximately 885 dunams toJewish buyers before 1948.[23]
Salama played a prominent role in the1936–39 revolt against British rule. Local fighters joined wider rebel networks, and several villagers were executed atAcre prison for their involvement.[24]
On 4 December 1947 a band of 120–150 gunmen from Salame attacked nearbyEf'al, but were repelled.[25] On 8 December, residents of Salama took part in attacks on Tel Aviv’sHatikva neighborhood.[26]
In January–February 1948,Palmach troops destroyed houses inYazur and Salama.[27] In the final week of April 1948, the Haganah launchedOperation Hametz to capture villages east of Jaffa. Salama was occupied between 28–30 April without resistance; most inhabitants had fled after internal debates between leaders over whether to fight or evacuate.[28] Contemporary reports noted that around 12,000 residents departed through an escape corridor left open by Jewish forces.[29]
Settlement of the depopulated village with Jewish war refugees and Zionist immigrants began two weeks later.[30] On 10 December 1948, Salama and parts of its land were annexed to Tel Aviv.[30] The site today forms the neighborhood ofKfar Shalem.[4]
Salama's population was composed of several large clans (hamūlāt), among them the Abu ʿAsba, Abu Farda, Abu Libdeh, Abu Ghazaleh, Abu Kishk, al-Masri, and al-Tabari families.[31] Oral traditions collected from village elders by village historian Nizar Abu 'Asba describe the Abu ʿAsba as the largest lineage, tracing descent from Arab tribes that migrated into the Jaffa district in the Ottoman period.[32] Other families maintained ties of marriage and commerce with neighboring villages such as Yazur,Kafr ʿAna, andal-ʿAbbasiya, reflecting Salama’s integration into the wider Jaffa hinterland.[33]
Several families were known for their specialized occupations: the Abu Libdeh as landowners and merchants, the Abu Ghazaleh as textile producers, and the Abu Farda as custodians of religious shrines and oral memory.[34] During the Mandate period, many villagers invested in citrus agriculture and urban businesses, creatingintergenerational wealth and strong ties to Jaffa’s markets.[35]
Oral histories preserved by former residents emphasize the centrality of Salama Abu Hashim’s shrine, which was visited for blessings and vows (ziyāra).[36] Elders also recalled annualfestivals (mawāsīm) in the orchards,folk dances, and the performance of traditional songs such asʿatābā andmījanā, which accompanied weddings and collective work in the fields.[37] The village’s cafés, including those owned by the Abu Libdeh and al-Masri families, became meeting places for political debates, storytelling, and performances by itinerant poets.[38]
Oral accounts describe Salama as a place of relative prosperity on the eve of 1948, with paved streets, shops, and cultural clubs. Former inhabitants have preserved detailed recollections of daily life, agricultural routines, and kinship ties, which now serve as part of the collective memory of the Palestinian diaspora.[39]
Several individuals from Salama became prominent in local and national life. During the 1936–39 revolt, ʿAbd al-Qādir Abu ʿAsba and his cousin Muḥammad Abu Libdeh were noted as local commanders, both executed by the British in Acre prison for their participation in armed resistance.[40] Shaykh Ḥasan Abu Farda, custodian of the shrine of Salama Abu Hashim, was remembered as a religious authority and mediator in village disputes.[41]
Other figures gained regional significance during the Mandate: ʿAlī Abu Ghazāleh, owner of a weaving factory, was active in the Jaffa Citrus Growers’ Association, while Khalīl Abu ʿAsba co-founded the Salama Supply and Trade Company in 1934.[42] In the cultural sphere, the painter and printmakerMustafa al-Hallaj (1938–2002), later based in Damascus, was born in Salama and became one of the leading Palestinian graphic artists of the twentieth century.[43]
Modern descendants of the residents include numerous doctors, engineers, politicians, educators and businesspersons. Among local educators, historian Nizar Ahmad Abu Asba is notable for his 740 page volume about village history quoted in this article.[44]
