| Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom | |
|---|---|
 Original Italian theatrical release poster | |
| Italian | Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma |
| Directed by | Pier Paolo Pasolini |
| Screenplay by |
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| Based on | The 120 Days of Sodom by theMarquis de Sade |
| Produced by | Alberto Grimaldi |
| Starring |
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| Cinematography | Tonino Delli Colli |
| Edited by | Nino Baragli |
| Music by | Ennio Morricone |
Production companies | |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
Release dates |
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Running time | 116 minutes[3] |
| Countries | |
| Languages |
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Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom (Italian:Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma), billed on-screen asPasolini's 120 Days of Sodom on English-language prints[5] and commonly referred to as simplySalò (Italian:[saˈlɔ]), is a 1975politicalart horror film directed and co-written byPier Paolo Pasolini. The film is a looseadaptation of the 1785 novel (first published in 1904)The 120 Days of Sodom by theMarquis de Sade, updating the story's setting to theWorld War II era. It was Pasolini's final film, released three weeks afterhis murder.
The film focuses on four wealthy, corrupt Italianlibertines in the time of the fascistRepublic of Salò (1943–1945). The libertines kidnap 18 teenagers and subject them to four months of extreme violence,sadism, genital torture andpsychologicaltorture. The film explores themes ofpolitical corruption,consumerism,authoritarianism,nihilism,morality,capitalism,totalitarianism, sadism,sexuality, andfascism. The story is in four segments, inspired byDante'sDivine Comedy: the Anteinferno, the Circle of Manias, the Circle of Shit, and the Circle of Blood. The film also contains frequent references to and several discussions ofFriedrich Nietzsche's 1887 bookOn the Genealogy of Morality,Ezra Pound's poemThe Cantos, andMarcel Proust'snovel sequenceIn Search of Lost Time.
Premiering at the Paris Film Festival on 23 November 1975, the film had a brief theatrical run in Italy before beingbanned in January 1976, and was released in the United States the following year on 3 October 1977. Because it depicts youths subjected to graphic violence, torture, sexual abuse, and murder, the film was controversial upon its release and has remained banned in many countries.
The confluence of thematic content in the film—ranging from the political and socio-historical, to psychological and sexual—has led to much critical discussion. It has been both praised and decried by various film historians and critics and was named the 65th-scariest film ever made by theChicago Film Critics Association in 2006.[6]
The film is separated into four segments with intertitles, inspired byDante'sDivine Comedy:[7]
In 1944, in theRepublic of Salò, thefascist and Nazi-controlled portion of Italy, four wealthy men of power—the Duke, the Bishop, the Magistrate and the President—agree to marry each other's daughters as the first step in a debauched ritual. They then recruit four teenage boys—Bruno, Fabrizio, Claudio and Ezio—ascollaborators (guards) in theDecima Flottiglia MAS and four young men (Blackshirt soldiers), called "studs", who are chosen because of their large penises and good looks. The teenage guards and fascist secret police (OVRA) are sent out to capture young victims, of whom nine teenage boys and nine teenage girls are picked and brought to a villa nearMarzabotto. One of the boys tries to escape but is shot dead.
Accompanying the libertines at the villa are four middle-agedprostitutes, also collaborators, whose job it is to orchestrate debauched interludes for the men. During the many days at the villa, the four men subject their victims to increasingly abhorrent tortures and humiliations for their own pleasure. During breakfast, the daughters enter the dining hall naked to serve food. One of the studs, Efisio, trips and rapes Liana, the Duke's elder daughter, in front of the fascists and collaborators, who laugh at her cries of pain, aside from Ezio, who is secretly distressed by the ordeal. The President prompts Efisio topenetrate him anally while the Duke sings "Sul Ponte di perati".
After breakfast, one of the victims who had previously tried to escape is shown dead to the crowd. Later, two victims named Sergio and Renata are forced to get married after one of the studs, Guido, and Signora Vaccari forcefully masturbate them. The President and the Duke then rape Sergio and Renata, respectively, to stop them from having sex with each other, during which the Magistrate engages with the Duke in three-way intercourse.
On another day, the naked victims are forced toact like dogs. When one of the victims, Lamberto, refuses, the Magistratewhips him and feeds Susanna, the President's daughter, a slice ofpolenta filled with nails.
Signora Maggi relates her troubled childhood and hercoprophilia. As she explains how shekilled her mother over a dispute about her prostitution, Renata cries, remembering the murder of her own mother. The Duke, aroused by the sound of her cries, orders Efisio and the guards to undress her. Renata begsGod for death and the Duke forces her to eat his feces with a spoon. Later, at a mock wedding reception for the Magistrate and Sergio, the victims are presented with a meal of human feces, which the studs, prostitutes and masters eat without question. During a search for the victim with the most beautiful buttocks, Franco is picked and promised instant death, though the Bishop spares him on the promise of a far more painful death in the near future.
ABlack Mass-like wedding ensues between the studs and the libertines while the latter are dressed in drag. Afterwards, the Bishop examines the captives in their rooms, where they start betraying each other: Claudio reveals that Graziella is hiding a photograph, and Graziella reveals that Eva and Antiniska are having a secret affair. Victim Umberto is appointed to replace Ezio, who is shot to death for having sex with a black servant girl and revealing himself to be a communist.
The remaining victims are summoned to determine which of them will be punished. Graziella is spared due to her betrayal of Eva, and Rino is spared due to his submissive relationship with the Duke. Those who are called are given a blue ribbon and sentenced to a painful death, while those who have not been called, provided they keep collaborating with the libertines, can hope to return home. The victims are taken outside and raped, tortured and murdered through methods such asbranding,hanging,scalping, burning and having their tongues and eyes cut out, as each libertine watches from the villa through binoculars. Horrified by the atrocities being committed, the Pianist jumps out of a window to her death.
As the torture continues, Bruno and Claudio dance awaltz together; Claudio asks the name of Bruno's girlfriend back at home, to which he replies "Marguerita".
Masters
Storytellers
Male victims
| Female victims
Daughters
Studs
Collaborators
Servants
|
The Masters are known only by their respective titles (Duke, Bishop, Magistrate, President), while the various youths are either unnamed or are referred to by their actors' real names. The exceptions are Maurizio Valaguzza (Bruno), Bruno Musso (Carlo Porro), Lamberto Book (Lamberto Gobbi), Gaspare di Jenno (Rino), Marco Lucantoni (Ferruccio Tonna), Faridah Malik (Fatimah), Olga Andreis (Eva), and Dorit Henke (Doris).
"I also realized that Sade, writing, was certainly thinking of Dante. So I began to restructure the film into three Dantesque ditches."
Pasolini's writing collaboratorSergio Citti had originally been attached to direct the intended adaptation of theMarquis de Sade'sThe 120 Days of Sodom.[9] During the creation of the first drafts of the script, Pasolini appealed[clarification needed] to several of his usual collaborators, among them Citti, Claudio Masenza, Antonio Troisi and speciallyPupi Avati.[10]
While collaborating with Citti on the script, Pasolini was compelled to transpose the setting ofSalò from 18th-century France (as depicted in de Sade's original book) to the last days ofBenito Mussolini's regime in the Republic of Salò in the spring of 1944.[11] Salò is a toponymical metonymy for theItalian Social Republic (RSI) (because Mussolini ruled from this northern town rather than from Rome), which was apuppet state ofNazi Germany.[12] While writing the script, it was decided between Citti and Pasolini that the latter would direct the project, as Citti had planned to write a separate project after completingSalò.[13] Pasolini noted his main contribution to Citti's original screenplay as being its "Dante-esque structure",[14] which Pasolini felt had been de Sade's original intention with the source material.[15]
In the film, almost no background is given on the tortured subjects and, for the most part, they almost never speak.[16] Pasolini's depiction of the victims in such a manner was intended to demonstrate the physical body "as a commodity... the annulment of the personality ofthe Other."[17] Specifically, Pasolini intended to depict what he described as an "anarchy of power",[18] in which sexual acts and physical abuse functioned as metaphor for the relationship between power and its subjects.[19] Aside from this theme, Pasolini also described the film as being about the "nonexistence of history" as it is seen from Western culture andMarxism.[20]
Interior design was chosen to feature paintings and art by artists such as Severini, Duchamp and Feininger. Pasolini also stated that the four fascist libertines were written as highly educated characters and were to refer to themes brought up by, among others, Blanchot, Nietzsche and Klossowski.[21]
In contrast to his "Trilogy of Life" (Il Decameron,I racconti di Canterbury andIl fiore delle Mille e una notte), Pasolini initially plannedThe 120 days of Sodom andSalò as separate stories, but noting similarity between both concepts – and based on their experiences in the Republic of Salò – conceived the idea ofSalò or the 120 Days of Sodom. Pasolini established that the violent scenes inSalò were symbolic and reduced the romanticism of his previous films, although knowing that once the film was premiered would be considered as damned.[citation needed] As a continuation, Pasolini planned to make a biographical film about the life of child murdererGilles de Rais, but was murdered himself beforeSalò's release.
Initially,Ninetto Davoli was chosen to play Claudio, a young collaborationist, but due to legal problems he had to decline, the role being replaced by Claudio Troccoli, a young man who had a similarity to Davoli in his first films. Pupi Avati, being the writer, is not officially accredited also due to legal problems. Most of the actors of the cast, although they were natural performers, were non-professionals with minimal or no prior on-camera acting experience. Many of them were models, cast for their willingness to appear naked on-screen.
Franco Merli was considered like a prototype of the Pasolinian boy. Ezio Manni remembers during filming: "The same with Franco Merli, the guy chosen for having the most beautiful butt. When they reward him by holding the gun to his head, he suddenly protested, he couldn’t handle that scene. And the assistant director had to go and give him a hug."[22]
Pasolini regularFranco Citti was to play one of the soldiers' studs, but he did not appear.Laura Betti was also going to play Signora Vaccari, but also because of legal problems and prior commitments toNovecento declined the role, though she doubled the voice of Hélène Surgère in post-production.[23]
Uberto Paolo Quintavalle (the Magistrate) was a writer; he knew Pasolini working on the newspaperCorriere della Sera. He was chosen for the role because he had all "the characteristics of a decadent intellectual".[24]
Aldo Valletti (the President) was a friend of Pasolini from the time ofAccattone. Giorgio Cataldi (the bishop), another friend of Pasolini, was a clothes seller in Rome.[22]
Several outdoor scenes were filmed inVilla Aldini,[25] a neoclassical building on the hills ofBologna. The interiors were shot inVilla Sorra [it] nearCastelfranco Emilia.[26] The noble hall of the building and the courtyard were filmed in theCinecittà studios. The town on theReno replaces the fictional location inMarzabotto. Other scenes were filmed in Grand Hotel a Villa Feltrinelli inGargnano.
The shooting, carried out mainly in the 16th-century Villa Gonzaga-Zani inVillimpenta in the spring of 1975, was difficult and involved scenes ofhomophilia,coprophagia andsadomasochism. The acts of torture in the courtyard caused some of the actors to suffer abrasions and burns.[27] Actress Hélène Surgère described the film shoot as "unusual", with nearly 40 actors being on set at any given time, and Pasolini shooting "enormous" amounts of footage.[28] She also noted the mood on the set as "paradoxically jovial and immature" in spite of the content.[29] In-between working, the cast shared large meals ofrisotto and also had football games played against the crew ofBernardo Bertolucci'sNovecento, which was being filmed nearby.[30] It also marked the reconciliation between the then 34-year-old Bertolucci and his old mentor after several disagreements following Pasolini's criticism ofLast Tango in Paris (1972) and his failure to defend it from drasticcensorship measures.[31] During the soccer match against the crew ofNovecento both directors supported their teams, except that while Bertolucci did it from the bench, Pasolini played directly on the field. The crew ofNovecento wore a purple shirt with phosphorescent bands to distract the opponents and had lined up, passing them off as engineers, two players from the youth team of Calcio Parma. TheSalò crew lost 5 to 2 and Pasolini, furious, left the field before the end shouting: "He doesn't read anything anymore, that guy!" to Bertolucci.[32]
During production, some reels were stolen and the thieves demanded a ransom for their return. Using doubles, the same scenes were reshot but from a different angle. At the trial for Pasolini's murder, it was hypothesized that Pasolini was told the film reels were discovered inOstia Lido. He was led there by Pelosi, the accused, and fell victim to an ambush, where he was murdered. However there is no concrete evidence for this theory.[33]
The original music corresponds toEnnio Morricone interpreted at the piano by Arnaldo Graziosi. Other non-original music wasCarl Orff'sCarmina Burana inVeris leta facies at the nearly end of the film duringCircle of Blood. Other music was severalFrédéric Chopin's pieces Preludes Op.28 nº 17 and nº4 and Valses Op. 34 nº 2 in La minor.[citation needed]
Like most Italian films of the time,Salò was shotMOS (without direct sound), with all dialogue andfoley effectsdubbed in post-production. The controversy surrounding the production dissuaded the actors playing the Masters to return to loop their lines, so they were all re-dubbed by other (uncredited) actors. French actress Hélène Surgère (Vaccari) had her dialogue dubbed byLaura Betti.
Pasolini was undecided on what type of conclusion the film should have, to the point of having conceived and shot four different endings: the first was a shot of a red flag in the wind with the words "Love You", but it was abandoned by the director because he thought it "too pompous" and "prone to the ethics of psychedelic youth", which he detested.[34] The second showed all the actors, other than the four gentlemen, the director and his troupe perform a wild dance in a room of the villa furnished with red flags and the scene was filmed with the purpose of using it as a background scene during the credits, but was discarded because it appeared, in the eyes of Pasolini, chaotic and unsatisfactory.[34] Another final scene, discovered years later and which was only in the initial draft of the script, showed, after the torture's end, the four gentlemen walk out of the house and drawing conclusions about the morality of the whole affair.[35] Finally, keeping the idea of dance as the summation of carnage, Pasolini chose to mount the so-called final "Margherita", with the two young blackshirts dancing.[34]
Salò premiered at the Paris Film Festival on 23 November 1975, three weeks after Pasolini's death.[36] In Italy, the film was initially rejected for screening by the Italian censorship, but received approval on 23 December 1975.[37] The approval, however, was withdrawn three weeks after the film's Italian release in January 1976 and it was formally banned.[37][38] Worldwide distribution for the film was supplied byUnited Artists.[39] In the United States, however, the film was given alimited release via Zebra Releasing Corporation on 3 October 1977.[40]
"Sadomasochism is an eternal characteristic of man. It existed during de Sade's time, and it exists now. But that's not what matters most...The real meaning of the sex in my film is as a metaphor for the relationship between power and its subjects."
Salò has been banned in several countries, because of its graphic portrayals of rape, torture and murder—mainly of people thought to be younger than eighteen years of age. The film remains banned in several countries and sparked numerous debates among critics and censors about whether or not it constituted pornography due to its nudity and graphic depiction of sexual acts.[41]
The film was rejected by theBritish Board of Film Censors (BBFC) in January 1976. It was first screened at the Old Compton Street Cinema Club inSoho, London in 1977, in an uncut form and without certification from BBFC secretaryJames Ferman; the premises were raided by theMetropolitan Police after a few days. A cut version prepared under Ferman's supervision, again without formal certification, was subsequently screened under cinema club conditions for some years. In 2000, in an uncut form, the film was finally passed for theatrical and video distribution in the United Kingdom.[42]
The film was not banned in the United States and received alimited release in October 1977; it was, however, banned inOntario, Canada.[43] In 1994, an undercover policeman inCincinnati, Ohio, rented the film from a local gay bookstore and then arrested the owners for "pandering". A large group of artists, includingMartin Scorsese andAlec Baldwin, and scholars signed a legal brief arguing the film's artistic merit; the Ohio state court dismissed the case because the police violated the owners'Fourth Amendment rights, without reaching the question of whether the film was obscene.[44]
It was banned in Australia in 1976 for reasons of indecency.[45] After a 17-year-long ban, theAustralian Classification Board passed the film with an R-18+ (for 18 and older only) uncut for theatrical release in July 1993. However, theAustralian Classification Review Board overturned this decision in February 1998 and banned the film outright, for "offensive cruelty with high impact, sexual violence and depictions of offensive and revolting fetishes". The film was then pulled from all Australian cinemas.Salò was resubmitted for classification in Australia in 2008, only to be rejected once again.[46] TheDVD print was apparently a modified version, causing outrage in the media over censorship and freedom of speech. In 2010, the film was submitted again and passed with an R18+ rating. According to the Australian Classification Board media release, the DVD was passed due to "the inclusion of 176 minutes of additional material which provided a context to the feature film." The media release also stated that "The Classification Board wishes to emphasise that this film is classified R18+ based on the fact that it contains additional material. Screening this film in a cinema without the additional material would constitute a breach of classification laws."[47] The majority opinion of the board stated that the inclusion of additional material on the DVD "facilitates wider consideration of the context of the film which results in the impact being no more than high."[48] This decision came under attack byFamilyVoice Australia (formerly the Festival of Light Australia), theAustralian Christian Lobby andLiberal Party of Australia SenatorJulian McGauran,[49] who tried to have the ban reinstated, but the Board refused.[50] The film was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on 8 September 2010.[51][52]
In New Zealand, the film was originally banned in 1976. The ban was upheld in 1993. In 1997, special permission was granted for the film to be screened uncut at a film festival. In 2001, the DVD was finally passed uncut with an 'R18' rating.[53]
Thereview aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes reports a 70% approval rating based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The site's consensus reads, "Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom will strike some viewers as irredeemably depraved, but its unflinching view of human cruelty makes it impossible to ignore."[54]
DirectorMichael Haneke named the film his fourth-favorite film when he voted for the 2002Sight and Sound poll. DirectorCatherine Breillat and criticJoel David also voted for the film.[55]David Cross,Brady Corbet,Gaspar Noé, andKorn frontmanJonathan Davis have named it one of their favorite films.[56][57][58]Rainer Werner Fassbinder also cited it as one of his 10 favorite films.[59] A 2000 poll of critics conducted byThe Village Voice named it the 89th-greatest film of the 20th century.[60] DirectorJohn Waters said, "Salo is a beautiful film...it uses obscenity in an intelligent way...and it's about the pornography of power."[61]
Jonathan Rosenbaum of theChicago Reader wrote of the film: "Roland Barthes noted that in spite of all its objectionable elements (he pointed out that any film that renders Sade real and fascism unreal is doubly wrong), this film should be defended because it 'refuses to allow us to redeem ourselves.' It's certainly the film in which Pasolini's protest against the modern world finds its most extreme and anguished expression. Very hard to take, but in its own way an essential work."[62]
The film's reputation for pushing boundaries has led some critics to criticize or avoid it; theTime Out film guide, for example, deemed the film a "thoroughly objectionable piece of work", adding that it "offers no insights whatsoever into power, politics, history or sexuality."[63]TV Guide gave the film a mixed review awarding it a score of 2.5/4, stating, "despite moments of undeniably brilliant insight, is nearly unwatchable, extremely disturbing, and often literally nauseous".[64]
Upon the film's United States release,Vincent Canby ofThe New York Times wrote, "Salo is, I think, a perfect example of the kind of material that, theoretically, anyway, can be acceptable on paper but becomes so repugnant when visualized on the screen that it further dehumanizes the human spirit, which is supposed to be the artist's concern."[40] In 2011Roger Ebert wrote that he owned the film since its release onLaserDisc but had not watched it, citing the film's transgressive reputation.[65] In 2011, David Haglund ofSlate surveyed five film critics and three of them said that it was required viewing for any serious critic orcinephile. Haglund concluded that he still would not watch the film.[66]
The Criterion Collection first released the film in 1993 on LaserDisc, following with a DVD release in 1998.[67] In 2011, The Criterion Collection released a newly restored version onBlu-ray and DVD in conjunction withMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a two-disc release with multiple interviews collected on the accompanying second disc.[68]
Salò has received critical analysis from film scholars, critics and others for its converging depictions of sexual violence and cross-referencing of historical and sociopolitical themes. Commenting on the film's prevalent sexual themes, horror film scholar Stephen Barber writes: "The core ofSalò is theanus, and its narrative drive pivots around the act ofsodomy. No scene of a sex act has been confirmed in the film until one of the libertines has approached its participants and sodomized the figure committing the act. The filmic material ofSalò is one that compacts celluloid and feces, in Pasolini's desire to burst the limits of cinema, via the anally resonant eye of the film lens."[37] Barber also notes that Pasolini's film reduces the extent of the storytelling sequences present in de Sade'sThe 120 Days of Sodom so that they "possess equal status" with the sadistic acts committed by the libertines.[69]
Pasolini scholar Gian Annovi notes in the bookPier Paolo Pasolini: Performing Authorship (2007) thatSalò is stylistically and thematically marked by a "link betweenDuchamp'sDada aesthetics and the perverse dynamics of desire", which, according to Annovi, became artistic points of interest for Pasolini in the early developments ofSalò.[70]
Dallas Marshall for Film Inquiry wrote in an article from 2021 that "Salò is his [Pasolini's] strongest diatribe against consumerism",[71] and other critics[72] have brought up that the film is to be seen as symbolism; a metaphor for the modern society, capitalism, and especially consumerism, i.e., how "those in power can make people consume crap (ads, commercials, etc) and those of the people who resist die, and the majority passively obeys and goes along with the system, and a few will collaborate with the rulers". The Film Inquiry article also mentions this metaphor: "Much like the citizens of fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, the prisoners were eating up the bullshit of dictators. But it goes deeper than that because one of the aspects of modern society that Pasolini had a great disdain for was mass consumerism. The man viewed consumerism, especially that of processed foods, to be pesticide on the human soul and eating literal excrement. He yearned for the days of classical beauty and good food that nourished the body. He viewed the modern world as a perversion and was thoroughly disgusted with its trajectory."[71] The BBFC notes that the film "is intended as a critique of both fascism and consumerism".[73]
Salò has earned a reputation among some film scholars for being the "sickest film of all time,"[74][75] with some citing it as an early progenitor of theextreme cinema subgenre, alongside the American filmThe Last House on the Left (1972).[76]
Film scholar Matthias Frey notes that the cross-section between the film's thematic content and graphic visuals has resulted in it being considered both a horror film as well as anart film:
[Films likeSalò], which are usually considered by critics as 'works' by the 'artists' ... might be received in practice also by individuals who watchSaw orHostel or any 'popular' or cult horror film.[77]
In 2006, theChicago Film Critics Association named it the 65th-scariest film ever made.[6]
In 2008,Adam Chodzko, an English artist released a short film onSuper 8 film calledReunion: Salò, 1998. Chodzko placed advertisements in newspapers and in hopes of reuniting the sixteen actors who had portrayed the roles of the adolescents who were tortured to death inSalò. Chodzko only found one of the actors, Antiniska Nemour, who was working indentistry in Italy. Chodzko to make the film with Nemour as the "guest of honor" and the other actors porrayed bydoubles who resembled the original cast members.[78][79][80]
In 2010, theToronto International Film Festival placed it at no. 47 on its list of "The Essential 100 films."[81]
Essential bibliography
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