TheSakya (Tibetan:ས་སྐྱ་,Wylie:sa skya, 'pale earth') school is one of four major schools ofTibetan Buddhism, the others being theNyingma,Kagyu, andGelug. It is one of theRed Hat Orders along with the Nyingma and Kagyu.
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The nameSakya ("pale earth") derives from the unique grey landscape of thePonpori Hills in southernTibet nearShigatse, whereSakya Monastery, the first monastery of this tradition, and the seat of the Sakya School was built byKhon Konchog Gyalpo (1034–1102) in 1073.
The Sakya tradition developed during the second period of translation of Buddhist scripture fromSanskrit into Tibetan in the late 11th century. It was founded byDrogmi, a famous scholar and translator who had studied at theVikramashila directly underNaropa,Ratnākaraśānti,Vāgīśvarakīrti and other greatpanditas fromIndia for twelve years.[2]
Khon Konchog Gyalpo became Drogmi's disciple on the advice of his elder brother.[3][4]
The tradition was established by the "Five Venerable Supreme Masters" starting with the grandson of Khonchog Gyalpo,Sachen Kunga Nyingpo, who became known as Sachen, or "Great Sakyapa":[5][6]
Buton Rinchen Drub (1290–1364) was an important scholar and writer and one of Tibet's most celebrated historians. Other notable scholars of the Sakya tradition are the so-called "Six Ornaments of Tibet:"
The leadership of the Sakya School is passed down through a hereditary system between the male members of the Sakya branch of the Khon family.
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Sachen, the first of the five supreme masters, inherited a wealth oftantric doctrines from numerousTibetan translators or "lotsawas" who had visitedIndia: most importantlyDrokmi Lotsawa,[4]Bari Lotsawa andMal Lotsawa.[9] From Drokmi comes the supreme teaching of Sakya, the system ofLamdre "Path and its Fruit" deriving from themahasiddhaVirūpa based upon theHevajra Tantra. Mal Lotsawa introduced to Sakya the esotericVajrayogini lineage known as "Naro Khachoma." From Bari Lotsawa came innumerable tantric practices, foremost of which was the cycle of practices known as theOne Hundred Sadhanas. Other key transmissions that form part of the Sakya spiritual curriculum include the cycles ofVajrakilaya,Mahākāla andGuhyasamāja tantras.
The fourth Sakya patriarch,Sakya Pandita, was notable for his exceptional scholarship and composed many important and influential texts onsutra and tantra, including "Means of Valid Cognition: A Treasury of Reasoning" (Wylie:tshad ma rigs gter), "Clarifying the Sage's Intent" (Wylie:thub pa dgongs gsal) and "Discriminating the Three Vows" (Wylie:sdom gsum rab dbye).
The main Dharma system of the Sakya school is the "Path with its Result" (Wylie:lam dang 'bras bu bcas), which is split into two main lineages, "Explanation for the Assembly" (Wylie:tshogs bshad) and the "Explanation for Close Disciples" (Wylie:slobs bshad).
The other major system of the Sakya school is the "Naropa Explanation For Disciples" (Wylie:nā ro mkha spyod slob bshad).
Another important series of teachings is based on verses of Günga Nyingpo (1092–1158) called "separating from the four attachments" which is the subject of commentaries by numerous Sakya masters like Drakpa Gyeltsen, Sakya Pandita, Ngorchen Günga Sangpo, andGorampa Sönam Senggé. The verses are:[10]
If you cling to this life, then you are not a dharma practitioner.
If you cling to existence, then you do not have renunciation.
If you are attached to your own interests, then you do not have the mind of awakening.
If you hold to a position, then you do not have the correct view.
In due course, two subsects emerged from the main Sakya lineage,
There were three "mother" monasteries of the Sakya school:Sakya Monastery, founded in 1073,Ngor Evam Choden, founded in 1429, and Phanyul Nalendra in Phanyul, north of Lhasa, founded in 1435 by Kuntchen Rongten. Nalendra became the home of the 'whispered-lineage' of the Tsar school.[12]
TheBodongpa tradition, founded byBodong Panchen Chögle Namgyel [1376 1451], is considered by some scholars to be a sub-sect of the Sakya tradition.[citation needed]
TheMongol conquest of Tibet began after the foundation of theMongol Empire in the early 13th century. In 1264, the feudal reign over Tibet was given toDrogön Chögyal Phagpa byKublai Khan, founder of theYuan dynasty. Sakya lamas, along with SakyaImperial Preceptors anddpon-chens continued to serve as viceroys or administrators of Tibet on behalf ofYuan emperors for nearly 75 years after Phagpa’s death in 1280, until the Yuan dynasty was greatly weakened by theRed Turban Rebellion in the 1350s, a decade before theMing dynasty founded by theHan people overthrew the Yuan dynasty.
The leaders of the Sakya regime were as follows.
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The head of the Sakya school, known asSakya Trizin ("holder of the Sakya throne"), is always drawn from the male line of the Khön family. The present Sakya Trizin,Gyana Vajra is the forty-third to hold that office. 41st Sakya Trizin is thought to be the reincarnation of two great Tibetan masters: aNyingmapa lama known as Apong Terton (Orgyen Thrinley Lingpa), who is famous for his RedTara cycle, and his grandfather, the 39th Kyabgon Sakya Trizin Dhagtshul Thrinley Rinchen (1871–1936).[13]
Traditionally, hereditary succession has alternated between the two Sakya palaces, since Khon Könchok Gyelpo's (1034–1102) reign. The Ducho sub-dynasty of Sakya survives split into two palaces, the Dolma Phodrang and Phuntsok Phodrang. Sakya Trizin is head of the Dolma Phodrang.Jigdal Dagchen Sakya (1929–2016) was the head of the Phuntsok Phodrang, and lived in Seattle, Washington, where he co-founded Sakya Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism withDezhung Rinpoche III, and constructed the first Tibetan Buddhist Monastery in the United States. Dagchen Sakya's father was the previous Sakya Trizin, Trichen Ngawang Thutop Wangchuk, throne holder of Sakya, and his mother Dechen Drolma. Dagchen Sakya was married to Dagmo Jamyang Kusho Sakya; they have five sons, five grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.
Having seen how theGelug institutions pushed the other traditions into the corners of Tibet's cultural life,Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo andJamgön Kongtrül compiled together the teachings of the Sakya,Kagyu andNyingma, including many near-extinct teachings.[14] Without Khyentse and Kongtrul's collecting and printing of rare works, the suppression of Buddhism by the Communists would have been much more final.[15]
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