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Sak language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sino-Tibetan language of Myanmar and Bangladesh
This article is about the Sino-Tibetan language of Myanmar and Bangladesh. For the Algonquian language of the US and Mexico sometimes called Sac or Sauk, seeFox language.
Sak
Cak
Native toMyanmar,Bangladesh
RegionNorthwesternRakhine State
EthnicityChak
Native speakers
4,000 (2007)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ckh
Glottologsakk1239

Sak (also known asCak,Chak, orTsak) is aSino-Tibetan language of theSal branch spoken inBangladesh andMyanmar by theChak people.

Geographical distribution

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Cak is spoken in Bangladesh by about 3,000 people and in Rakhine State, Burma by about 1,000 people according toEthnologue. In Bangladesh, Cak is spoken inBaishari,Naikhyongchari, andDochari (Huziwara 2018). In Rakhine State, Burma, Sak is spoken inMaungdaw,Buthidaung,Rathedaung, andMrauk U townships (Huziwara 2018). The Baishari dialect is the most conservative one (Huziwara 2018).[2]

According toEthnologue, in Bangladesh, Chak is spoken in 14 villages in:

Sak language traditional song

Phonology

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Consonants

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LabialDental/
Alveolar
PalatalVelarGlottal
Plosivevoicelessptkʔ
aspirated()
voicedbdɡ
implosiveɓɗ
Affricatevoicelessts
aspirated(tsʰ)
voiceddz
Fricativevoicelessfsʃh
voicedv
Tapɾ
Nasalmn(ɲ)ŋ
Approximant(w)lj
  • Sounds /tsʰ, kʰ, w/ mainly occur from loanwords.
  • /ts, tsʰ, dz/ is also heard as [tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ] among other dialects.
  • [ɲ] occurs as a realization of the consonant sequence /ŋj/.

Vowels

[edit]
FrontCentralBack
Closeiɨɯu
Mide(ə)o
Opena
  • [ə] only occurs in minor syllables or as a result of vowel reduction of /a/.[3][4]

Numerals

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Sak uses adecimal-based numeral system.[5] Sak uses two sets of numerals: an indigenous system, and another system borrowed fromArakanese, often used for numbers beyond ten.[5]

Further reading

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  • Benedict, Paul K. (1939). "Semantic Differentiation in Indo-Chinese".Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.4 (3/4):213–229.doi:10.2307/2717775.JSTOR 2717775.
  • Van Driem, George (1993). "The Proto-Tibeto-Burman verbal agreement system".Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.56 (2):292–334.doi:10.1017/S0041977X00005528.S2CID 162552967.
  • Glottolog 2.7 - Sak. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2016[1]
  • Grierson, George (1921). "Kadu and its Relatives".Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.2:39–42.doi:10.1017/S0041977X00101818.S2CID 143921185.
  • Huziwara, Keisuke. 2002. “Chakku-go no onsei ni kansuru koosatu” [A phonetic analysis of Cak]. Kyoto University Linguistic Research [Kyooto Daigaku Gengogaku Kenkyuu] 21:217–73.
  • Huziwara, Keisuke. 2008. Chakku-go no kizyutu gengogakuteki kenkyuu [A descriptive linguistic study of the Cak language]. Doctoral dissertation, Kyoto University. lix + 942 pp.
  • Keisuke, Huziwara (1970)."Cak numerals".Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics.1 (2):1–10.doi:10.3329/dujl.v1i2.3714.
  • Huziwara, Keisuke. 2010. “Cak prefixes.” In Dai Zhongming and James A. Matisoff, eds., Zang-Mian-yu yanjiu sishi nian [Forty Years of Sino-Tibetan Studies], pp. 130–45. Harbin: Heilongjiang University Press.
  • Shafer, Robert (1940). "The Vocalism of Sino-Tibetan".Journal of the American Oriental Society.60 (3):302–337.doi:10.2307/594419.JSTOR 594419.
  • Thurgood, G., & LaPolla, R. J. (2003).The Sino-Tibetan languages.
  • Voegelin, C. F., & Voegelin, F. M. (1965). Languages of the world: Sino-Tibetan fascicle five.Anthropological Linguistics,7(6), 1-58. Retrieved February 12, 2016JSTOR 30022507

References

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  1. ^Sak atEthnologue (25th ed., 2022)Closed access icon
  2. ^Huziwara, Keisuke (2018).Varieties of Cak dialects. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17-19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
  3. ^Huziwara, Keisuke (2019).A sketch of Cak grammar. Kyoto: The Hakubi Project of Kyoto University.
  4. ^Huziwara, Keisuke (2002).チャック語の音声に関する考察 [A phonetic analysis of Cak]. 京都大学言語学研究 [Kyoto University Linguistic Research] 21: Kyoto University. pp. 217–273.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ^ab"Chak".lingweb.eva.mpg.de. Retrieved2024-01-07.

External links

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Sino-Tibetan branches
WesternHimalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim)
Greater Magaric
Map of Sino-Tibetan languages
EasternHimalayas
(Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal)
Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border
"Naga"
Sal
East andSoutheast Asia
Burmo-Qiangic
Dubious (possible
isolates) (Arunachal)
Greater Siangic
Proposed groupings
Proto-languages
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
Boro–Garo
Boroic
Garo
Kochic
Deori
Konyak
(Northern Naga)
Konyak
Tangsa–Nocte
Jingpho–Luish
Jingpho
Luish (Asakian)
Official languages
Semiofficial language
Indigenous languages
(bystate or region)
Chin
Kuki-Chin
Northeastern
Central
Maraic
Southern
Other
Kachin
Sino-Tibetan
Other
Kayah
Kayin
Magway
Mon
Rakhine
Sagaing
Sal
Other
Shan
Austroasiatic
Sino-Tibetan
Kra–Dai
Hmong–Mien
Tanintharyi
Non-Indigenous
Immigrant language
Working language
Sign languages
Official language
Indo-European
Sino-Tibetan
Austroasiatic
Dravidian
Afro-Asiatic
Sign
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