Thecla | |
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.jpg) Icon of Saint Thecla from the 11th centuryMenologion of Basil II. | |
| Virgin Martyr,Equal to the Apostles | |
| Born | AD 30 Iconium (nowKonya, Turkey) |
| Died | AD 1st century |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church Catholic Church Oriental Orthodox Church Episcopal Church |
| Feast |
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Thecla (Ancient Greek:Θέκλα,Thékla) was asaint of theearly Christian Church, and a reported follower ofPaul the Apostle. The earliest record of her life comes from the ancientapocryphalActs of Paul and Thecla.
TheActs of Paul and Thecla is a 2nd-century text (c. AD 180) which forms part of theActs of Paul, but was also circulated separately. According to the text, Thecla was a young noble virgin fromIconium who chose to leave her fiancé so she could convert to Christianity and follow Paul.[3]
In the text, it is said that Thecla spent three days sitting by her window, listening to Paul speak about the Christian God and the importance of living in chastity. Thecla's mother, Theoclia, and fiancé, Thamyris, became concerned that Thecla was going to follow Paul's teachings. They turned to local authorities to punish Paul for being a Christian and "mak[ing] virgins averse to marriage". Paul was sent to prison, where Thecla visited him, kissed his bonds, and refused to leave him and return to her mother and fiancé. Paul was made to leave the city and Thecla was condemned to be burned.[4]
However, Thecla was miraculously saved from burning at the stake by the onset of a storm. She then encountered Paul outside ofIconium, where she told him, "I will cut my hair off and I shall follow you wherever you go".[5] She then traveled with Paul toAntioch of Pisidia. There, a nobleman named Alexander desired Thecla and attempted to rape her. Thecla fought him off, tore his cloak, and knocked his coronet off his head, which caused her to be put on trial for assault. She was sentenced to beeaten by wild beasts, but was again saved by a series of miracles. In one scene, female beasts, particularly lionesses, protected her against her male aggressors. While in the arena, she baptized herself by throwing herself into a nearby lake full of aggressive seals, who were all killed by lightning before they could devour her.[6][7]
Thecla rejoined Paul inMyra, "wearing a mantle that she had altered so as to make a man's cloak".[4] As she traveled, she preached the word of God and encouraged women to imitate her by living a life of chastity.[8] According to some versions of theActs, Thecla lived in a cave inSeleucia Cilicia for 72 years, where she continued to spread Christianity.
It is also said that Thecla spent the rest of her life inMaaloula, a village in Syria. There, she became a healer and performed many miracles, but remained constantly persecuted. In one instance, as her persecutors were about to get to her, she called out to God, a new passage was opened in the cave she was in, and the stones closed behind her. Before her death, she was able to go to Rome and lie down beside Paul's tomb.[9]
Tertullian, in chapter 17 of his workOn Baptism, writes:
But if the writings which wrongly go under Paul's name, claim Thecla's example as a license for women's teaching and baptizing, let them know that, in Asia, the presbyter who composed that writing, as if he were augmenting Paul's fame from his own store, after being convicted, and confessing that he had done it from love of Paul, was removed from his office.[10]
Johann Peter Kirsch says, "Notwithstanding the purely legendary character of the entire story, it is not impossible that it is connected with an historical person."[11]
The Church Fathers recount a number of traditions about Thecla.Gregory of Nyssa writes in the 4th century (Homily 14in Cant) that she undertook the sacrifice of herself, by giving death to the flesh,[12] practicing great austerities, extinguishing in herself all earthly affections, so that nothing seemed to remain living in her but reason and spirit: the whole world seemed dead to her as she was to the world.[13]Macarius Magnes, shortly after AD 300, wrote how the message of Christianity was "the sword, [Matt 10:34] which cuts relations from each other [Matt:10:35], as it cut Thecla from Theocleia".[14] Around AD 280, Thecla features as one of the characters inMethodius of Olympus'Symposium, in which she displays considerable knowledge of secular philosophy, various branches of literature, and eloquent yet modest discourse. Methodius states that she received her instruction in divine and evangelical knowledge from Paul, and was eminent for her skill in sacred science ("Logos 8").
The martyrdom of Thecla is frequently referred to in the earliestActs of the Martyrs. Eugenius, a martyr of Trebizond underDiocletian (284–305), couples Thecla with David and Daniel in his prayers. The exordium of theActs of Polyeuctes (died 259) refers to Thecla andPerpetua, and there were certainly many virgin martyrs who drew their first inspiration from the same source.Eugenia of Rome in the reign ofCommodus (180–192) is reported in the Acts of her martyrdom to have taken Thecla as her model.
According to some scholars, Thecla's story inspired many later stories of women saints who dressed as men, including St.Anastasia the Patrician, St.Matrona of Perge, St.Euphrosyne of Alexandria, St.Apolinaria, St.Eugenia of Rome, St.Marina the Monk, and St.Theodora of Alexandria.[15] Written three or four centuries after theActs of Paul and Thecla, these stories reference Thecla's story through thematic connections, and in the case ofThe Life of Eugenia, explicitly.[16]
In theEastern Orthodox Church, the wide circulation of theActs of Paul and Thecla is evidence of her veneration. She was called "apostle and protomartyr among women"[11] and "equal-to-apostles in sanctity". She was widely cited as anascetic role model for women. During the fourth and fifth centuries, Thecla was lauded in literature as an exemplary virgin and martyr by ascetic writers and theologians such asMethodius of Olympus,Gregory of Nyssa, andGregory of Nazianzus. The Eastern Rites of the Eastern Orthodox Church commemorate her on 24 September in churches following thenew Calendar and 7 October for those using theold Calendar.
Her veneration flourished particularly atSeleucia Cilicia (where she was said to have lived to old age and be buried), Iconium (present dayKonya), andNicomedia.Chamalières in France was believed to hold relics. The obscure saints, Tecla ofAquileia and ofTrieste are modeled after her.[17][18] InBede's martyrology, Thecla is celebrated on 23 September, which was herfeast day in the West,[11] though in 1969 the Roman Catholic Church removed Thecla's feast day from the Calendar of Saints for lack of historic evidence.[19] The Western Rite Parishes of the Orthodox Churches continue to celebrate her on 23 September (new Calendar Parishes) and 6 October (old Calendar Churches). The Western Rite MonasticOrder of Saint Paul the First Hermit celebrates her feast day on 24 September.[20]
A localmartyr tradition of Thecla may have inspired an episode connected toPaul the Apostle.[21] "It is otherwise difficult to account for the very great popularity of the cult of St. Thecla, which spread over East and West, and made her the most famous of virgin martyrs," wroteM. R. James, the editor of thisActa (James 1924).
The cave-tomb inSeleucia was one of the most celebrated in the Christian world. Gregory of Nazianzus withdrew to the shrine of "the highly praised young maid Thecla"[22] for three years. The site was described byEgeria in the mid-380s. It was restored several times, among others by the EmperorZeno in the 5th century, and today the ruins of the tomb and sanctuary are calledAya Tekla Church orMeriamlik.[23] A 5th-century anonymous work,The Life and Miracles of Thecla, concentrates on the town.[24]
InMaaloula, Syria, aGreek Orthodoxconvent, theConvent of Saint Thecla, was built near her cave tomb, reached by steps in the mountainside, a pilgrimage site with a holy well. The Church tradition is that the mountain opened miraculously to protect Thecla from her persecutors.
On Monday, December 2, 2013, during theSyrian civil war, twelve nuns there were seized byAl-Qaeda radicals ofAl-Nusra Front during the bombardment of her shrine;[25] three months later the nuns were exchanged for relatives of terrorists and in April 2014, the town was liberated by Syrian governmental troops. On May 30, 2018, the rector of the Church, Ilias Ades, announced that the monastery would be entirely restored in a month by theGreek Orthodox Church of Antioch with help from theRussian Orthodox Church.[26] The Monastery is a popular destination for Eastern Orthodox Christians from around the world, including Russia.[27]
According to tradition, the Roman empressHelena founded the monastery of Saint Tecla that is located in Mosfiloti nearLarnaca. After theMamluks had taken control ofArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia, part of the hallows of Saint Thecla were carried to Cyprus byChristians. The hallows are in this monastery now.[28]
An inscription in remembrance "of the martyr Thecla" in the church of St. Menas in Cyprus, and dated to the second half of the 1st century, was interpreted in the early twentieth century as evidence for her historical existence.[29] At this pilgrimage site near the Church of St. Menas in Cyprus, women had the option to buy a flask which they could fill with holy water, oil, or even dirt from that stop which many women visited during their pilgrimage. These flasks depict the image of Menas on one side and Thecla on the other side.[30]
TheCatacomb of Saint Thecla is a Christiancatacomb in the city of Rome, near theVia Ostiense and theBasilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, in the southern quarter of the ancient city. The catacomb was constructed in the fourth century of the Common Era, being a re-use of a first-century pagan necropolis.[31] The catacomb seems to have fallen into disuse in the 9th century. It was rediscovered in 1870 by archaeologistMariano Armellini, in accordance with the pilgrimage itineraries, and was thus excavated.[31]
In June 2010, on a wall of theCatacomba di Santa Tecla inRome,Vatican archaeologists of thePontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology, using laser technology to remove layers of clay and lime rind, discovered a frescoed portrait of StPaul the Apostle, "recognizable by his thin face and dark pointed beard... with small eyes and furrowed brow",[32] which they believe is the oldest image in existence of Paul, dating from the late 4th century.[33] Additional portraits appeared to beSaint Peter,John the Apostle, andAndrew. These are rendered as the earliest portraits of the apostles.[34]
St. Thecla, with her dedication and image of a chosen saint, started a following of masses of women across Asia Minor and Egypt. St. Thecla was praised among these women as a sort of patron ofempowerment for women: in theActs of Paul and Thecla, St. Thecla preached to men, and baptized herself, all things that were normally supposed to have only been done by men.[35]
St. Thecla created a culture of imitation in these women. Several of them would live as virgins in households, in tombs (as she was rumored to do), and sometimes in monasteries. These women would travel together as bands of empowered virgins telling stories of Thecla and her grace. Other women in the Movement of St. Thecla would name their daughters after her and engrave her face on their tombs and on their oil lamps. All of these women were empowered by Thecla, a woman who did things that not many women would ever dare to do, and they built a strong community in which they empowered each other.[36]
Thecla is counted as thepatron saint ofTarragona and Sitges inCatalonia (Spain), where the cathedral has achapel dedicated to her. Herfeast day remains the town's major local holiday.[37] In Spanish-speaking countries, she is also facetiously counted as the patron saint ofcomputers andInternet, from thehomophony with the Spanish andCatalan wordtecla ("key").[citation needed] Theearliest cathedral inMilan was also dedicated to her; its baptistry and remnants of its structure are still accessible below thepresent structure. Theduomo of the town ofEste, Veneto, is dedicated toSanta Tecla.Lebanon has 42 churches dedicated to St. Takla or Taqla. One of the oldest is the St. Taqla Church inMasqa,Matn District, built in 1695. The church boasts an 1870 painting of Thecla by the Italian artistVincento Lampodico.
In Syria, there is a Greek Orthodox church of St. Thecla inDarayya. In 1849, some people found a cave inLatakia which later became St. Taqla's Shrine.
In the United States there are three Roman Catholic parishes named for Saint Thecla: inClinton, Michigan; inPembroke, Massachusetts; and inChicago,Illinois.
Several cities and towns are named for her:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sts. Thecla".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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