Saint Apollonia (Greek:Ἁγία Ἀπολλωνία;Coptic:Ϯⲁⲅⲓⲁ Ⲁⲡⲟⲗⲗⲟⲛⲓⲁ,pronounced[tiˈaɡiəʔa.pɔlˈlo.ni.jə]) was one of a group of virgin martyrs who suffered inAlexandria during a local uprising against theChristians prior to the persecution ofDecius. According to church tradition, hertorture included having all of herteeth violently pulled out or shattered. For this reason, she is popularly regarded as thepatroness ofdentistry and those suffering fromtoothache or other dental problems. French court painterJehan Fouquet painted the scene of St. Apollonia's torture inThe Martyrdom of St. Apollonia.[1]
Ecclesiastical historians have claimed that in the last years of EmperorPhilip the Arab (reigned 244–249), during otherwise undocumented festivities to commemorate the millennium of thefounding of Rome (traditionally in 753 BC, putting the date about 248), the fury of the Alexandrian mob rose to a great height, and when one of theirpoets prophesied a calamity, they committed bloody outrages on the Christians, whom the authorities made no effort to protect.
Jacopo Zucchi, The Martyrdom of Saint Apollonia, pen and brown ink with brown wash heightened with white over black chalk on laid paper, overall (approximate): 25.2 x 12.9 cm (9 15/16 x 5 1/16 in.), Julius S. Held Collection, Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund, 1983.74.20, NGA 62616
Dionysius,Bishop of Alexandria (247–265), relates the sufferings of his people in a letter addressed to Fabius,Bishop of Antioch, of which long extracts have been preserved inEusebius'Historia Ecclesiae.[2] After describing how a Christian man and woman, Metras and Quinta, were seized and killed by the mob, and how the houses of several other Christians were pillaged, Dionysius continues:
At that time Apollonia,parthénos presbytis (mostly likely meaning adeaconess) was held in high esteem. These men seized her also and by repeated blows broke all her teeth. They then erected outside the city gates a pile of wood and threatened to burn her alive if she refused to repeat after them impious words (either a blasphemy against Christ, or an invocation of the heathen gods). Given, at her own request, a little freedom, she sprang quickly into the fire and was burned to death.[3]
Apollonia and a whole group of early martyrs did not await the death they were threatened with, but either to preserve their chastity or because they were confronted with the alternative of renouncing their faith or suffering death, voluntarily embraced the death prepared for them, an action that runs perilously close tosuicide, some thought.Augustine of Hippo touches on this question in the first book ofThe City of God, apropos suicide:
But, they say, during the time of persecution certain holy women plunged into the water with the intention of being swept away by the waves and drowned, and thus preserve their threatened chastity. Although they quitted life in this wise, nevertheless they receive high honour as martyrs in the Catholic Church and their feasts are observed with great ceremony. This is a matter on which I dare not pass judgment lightly. For I know not but that the Church was divinely authorized through trustworthy revelations to honour thus the memory of these Christians. It may be that such is the case. May it not be, too, that these acted in such a manner, not through human caprice but on the command of God, not erroneously but through obedience, as we must believe in the case ofSamson? When, however, God gives a command and makes it clearly known, who would account obedience there to a crime or condemn such pious devotion and ready service?"[4]
The narrative of Dionysius does not suggest the slightest reproach as to this act of St. Apollonia; in his eyes she was as much a martyr as the others, and as such she was revered in the Alexandrian Church. In time, her feast was also popular in the West. A later narrative mistakenly duplicated Apollonia, making her a Christian virgin ofRome in the reign ofJulian the Apostate, suffering the same dental fate.
TheRoman Catholic andEastern Orthodox (OCA)[5] Churches celebrate thefeast day of St. Apollonia on 9 February, and she is popularly invoked against the toothache because of the torments she had to endure. She is represented in art with pincers in which a tooth is held. Saint Apollonia is one of the twopatron saints ofCatania.
William S. Walsh noted that, though the major part of her relics were preserved in the former church of St. Apollonia at Rome, her head at theBasilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere, her arms at theBasilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, parts of her jaw in St. Basil's, and other relics are in the Jesuit church atAntwerp, in St. Augustine's atBrussels, in theJesuit church at Mechlin, in St. Cross at Liège, in the treasury of thecathedral of Porto, and in several churches atCologne.[6] These relics consist in some cases of a solitary tooth or a splinter of bone. In the Middle Ages, objects claimed to be her teeth were sold as toothache cures.
There was a church dedicated to her in Rome, near the Basilica di Santa Maria inTrastevere, but it no longer exists. Only its little square, thePiazza Sant'Apollonia remains. One of the principal train stations ofLisbon is also named for this saint. There is a statue of Saint Apollonia in the church atLocronan,France. The island ofMauritius was originally namedSanta Apolónia in her honor in 1507 by Portuguese navigators.[7] A parish church inEilendorf, a suburb ofAachen, Germany, is named in honor of Saint Apollonia.
In some areas of Italy, Saint Apollonia is cast in the role of thetooth fairy, collecting children's fallenbaby teeth while they sleep and leaving a gift in exchange.[8]
TheMadonna Della Strada Chapel atLoyola University Chicago contains a stained glass window on the north wall depicting St. Apollonia.[9] The windows along this wall correspond with the colleges of the university at the time the chapel was built. The Loyola University School of Dentistry closed in 1993, but the window in the chapel remains.[10]
There are 52 known images of her in various English churches that survived the ravages of the16th-century Commissioners. These are concentrated inDevon andEast Anglia. Most of these images are on the panels ofrood screens or featured instained glass with only one being a stone capital (Stokeinteignhead, Devon). She is also depicted in a tapestry of circa 1499 atSt. Mary's Guildhall, Coventry.
^Olmert, Michael (1996).Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History, p.66. Simon & Schuster, New York.ISBN0-684-80164-7.
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Media related toSaint Apollonia at Wikimedia Commons
