Saint-Hippolyte | |
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 Saint-Hippolyte, with the round Stork Tower | |
.svg) Coat of arms | |
 Location of Saint-Hippolyte | |
  Saint-Hippolyte  Saint-Hippolyte | |
| Coordinates:48°13′57″N7°22′21″E / 48.2325°N 7.3725°E /48.2325; 7.3725 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Haut-Rhin |
| Arrondissement | Colmar-Ribeauvillé |
| Canton | Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines |
| Intercommunality | Pays de Ribeauvillé |
| Government | |
| • Mayor(2020–2026) | Claude Huber[1] |
Area 1 | 17.86 km2 (6.90 sq mi) |
| Population (2023)[2] | 927 |
| • Density | 51.9/km2 (134/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 68296 /68590 |
| Elevation | 170–731 m (558–2,398 ft) |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
Saint-Hippolyte (French pronunciation:[sɛ̃.t‿ipɔlit]ⓘ;German:Sankt Pilt;Alsatian:Sàmpìlt) is acommune in theHaut-Rhindepartment inGrand Est in north-easternFrance.
It is often said to be the birthplace of the 8th-century saint and abbot,Fulrad, who built amonastery there. Saint-Hippolyte is situated very close to the highly strategic castle ofHaut-Koenigsbourg, and for many centuries the conflict centred on possession of the castle had a great influence, mostly destructive, on the history of the town.
Saint-Hippolyte is situated at the foot of theVosges, to the southwest ofSélestat betweenRodern andOrschwiller, and is directly accessible via exit number 18 from theA35 motorway. The town is dominated by thecastle of Haut-Koenigsbourg and surrounded by the fertilevineyards which made its reputation.
The old village consists of three parallel streets cut by side streets and alleys betweenhalf-timbered houses, forming a compact oblong area still contained within a wall. The village centre contains the church, town hall and a 19th-century school building.
Coal mines are operating in the village.
The present Saint-Hippolyte stands on the site of aNeolithic settlement still in use in theRoman period. Under theCarolingians the estate here was known asAndaldovillare orAudaldovillare, derived from theFrankish name "Audaldo".[3]
SaintFulrad (710-784), a relative of thePippinids, later 14th abbot of theAbbey of Saint-Denis, a powerful politician and diplomat, possessed immense properties in this area. It is generally assumed that this was his birthplace, although there is no direct proof.[4] The cultivation of the slopes of the Langenberg behind the village for the planting of vines is also attributed to him.[5]
While in the service ofPope Stephen II Fulrad obtained the Pope's permission to build two monasteries, one in Saint-Hippolyte and the other inLièpvre, around which the present settlements grew up. Construction began in 760. In 764 Fulrad also obtained from the pope therelics ofSaint Hippolytus, a 3rd-century bishop and martyr,[6] to whom the new monastery was dedicated, and from whom the village later took its name:[7] it is first mentioned asSankt Pilt in 835.
The monastery was at first a cell of the new priory at Lièpvre, but later became a priory directly under the abbey of St. Denis.
The monks of St. Denis were obliged to defend their title to the two priories in 853, when an attempt was made to have them granted as a fief to a royal kinsman. The monks were successful in blocking the move, however, and at length obtained confirmation of their title in the form of a diploma ofLothair I executed atVerdun on 4 August 854.
In the 11th century the village became an enclave of Lorraine in Alsace when, despite Fulrad's gift of the village to St. Denis' Abbey, it passed into the hands of theDukes of Lorraine, who were the abbey'sVögte (advocates) in regard to their possessions in Alsace.Gerhard of Alsace, duke of Lower Lorraine from 1048 to 1070, a descendant of the family of theEtichonen who had ruled Alsace from the 7th century, possessed considerable political influence including the support of Bruno,bishop of Toul, the laterPope Leo IX. This helped him to eventual victory in his fight to retain the ducal title given him byEmperor Henry III, against the claims of the deposed duke,Godfrey the Bearded. Against the background of this conflict Gerhard took possession of the villages of Saint-Hippolyte andChâtenois.
The monks of St. Denis' Abbey tried all means of retrieving their possessions, up to and including the forgery of a diploma attributed toCharlemagne supposedly confirming all the abbey's possessions throughout his empire, but in vain. Duke Gerhard remained in possession of St. Hippolyte and in 1052 the abbey was obliged to place St. Hippolyte's Priory under his protection asVogt in apparent confirmation of his claims, which included thecastle of Haut-Koenigsbourg.[8]
A deed of 1078,[9] purportedly made atSaint-Dié, records the return to St. Denis' Abbey by Gerhard's successor,Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine, of the possessions usurped by his father, and is signed by several high dignitaries of the time both lay and ecclesiastical, including Pibon,bishop of Toul, Theodoric,bishop of Verdun, and Rembald, provost ofSaint-Dié, as well as three counts and several other lords. This deed is however also considered a St. Denis forgery by many historians, includingRicher of Senones, himself a monk of the Vosges.
The hold of the Dukes of Lorraine on Saint-Hipployte was still not secure, however, and they were next obliged to defend it against the lord ofRibeaupierre and the Landgrave of Alsace, who also had expansionist aims on the village. The Dukes of Lorraine were victorious. Towards 1115 the duke succeeded in setting aside any remaining claims by St. Denis' Abbey, which as it was located not in Alsace or Lorraine but inParis, was a foreign proprietor. The abbey's protests were futile.
In 1250Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine, granted the castle ofHaut-Koenigsbourg in fee to Cuno of Bergheim, with Saint-Hippolyte andAnesheim.[10] The duke however retained the right of reversion, which he later exercised to re-grant the same properties to Heinrich von Werd.
In 1287 Saint-Hippolyte was invaded and burnt down by Anselm II of Ribeaupierre, and the Duke of Lorraine decided to fortify it. In 1290 Lièpvre was given in fee to Henri I, Sire ofBlâmont by DukeFrederick III, but he retained Saint-Hippolyte, and in 1310 completely fortified it with walls and unbridgeable ditches. These precautions did not prevent Saint-Hippolyte from undergoing further attacks. In 1316Frederick IV of Lorraine received thehomage ofUlrich of Werd for these same possessions as well as forFrankenbourg and Châtenois. The heirs of Ulrich refused however to recognize thesuzerainty of the duke of Lorraine and sold a part of these fiefs to thebishop of Strasbourg, which led to lengthy litigation before the dukes of Lorraine were able to recover their losses.
In 1324,Leopold I, Duke of Austria, in conflict withLouis of Oetingen, seized Saint-Hippolyte and sold it to the bishop of Strasbourg, landgrave of Alsace. In 1365Duke John I made a grant of his lands here to Burckart of Fenetrange and Schönech. The heirs of the von Werd family did not want to relinquish lands of which they were in possession, and the result was a long dispute settled only in 1369.
In 1370 and 1374John I, Duke of Lorraine, had twice to re-take possession of Saint-Hippolyte, which he then passed to his father-in-lawEberhard II, Count of Württemberg, who two years later resold it, in 1393, to the bishop of Strasbourg.Eberhard III, Count of Württemberg then took control of Saint-Hippolyte, before returning it to Friedrich von Blankenheim, bishop of Strasbourg. In 1430, Anton von Hattstatt ofViller received a grant for life fromCharles II, Duke of Lorraine, of the town of Saint-Hippolyte and the castle of Haut-Koenigsbourg, in return for which Antoine made Charles his heir.[11]
In 1349,Alsace was hit by an epidemic ofplague, followed by an earthquake on October 1356 which decimated the village. But due to the laborious population, the region later found a certain prosperity. This wealth attracted bands ofBretons,Lombards,Gascons,Spanish,Scots which (receiving the name ofArmagnac because of service to theKing ofFrance) pillaged the region. These troops are also called "Swindlers ", in Alsace " Schinder " or in Lorraine "Routiers " took with them a crowd of gangsters and adventurers. Commanded by Louis,Dauphin of France (the futureLouis XI), they tried at first to seize the city ofBasel, but theSwiss led resistance. Louis signed a peace treaty with them inEnsisheim on October 1444. In September 1444,Armagnacs occupied the villages ofChâtenois,La Vancelle andLièpvre. TwiceArmagnacs tried to assault the city, but failed, with one of their leaders,Pochon de Rivière, killed during the assault. The Dauphin realized the situation and left when the inhabitants refused to receive his people. The Sire ofCommercy occupied the city until 1 January 1445, emptying cellars and attics, plundering houses, hunting inhabitants and keeping only artisans. TheArmagnacs had to engage in battles in the nearby municipalities (Sélestat,Bergheim andRibeauvillé) where groups of companions, Gesellen, slowed down the invaders. On December 3 on 1444, more than one thousand resistors were arrested. The Armagnacs, in front of such a resistance, decided to withdraw in daytime on 1445 to look for fortune somewhere else. But at the time of leaving, they set on fire to part of the city of Saint-Hippolyte. Companions who had managed to leave the city before the arrival of the Armagnacs helped the population. The Armagnacs ambushed and skinned them. They occupied Saint-Hippolyte and pillaged the town. They left it having been dislodged by Erasme ofRibeaupierre, who had begun to worry by the boldness of these adventurers. Under the excuse that the people of Saint-Hippolyte had opened their door to the Armagnacs, they set fire to the last houses still upright. The inhabitants of Saint-Hippolyte, in spite of all these misfortunes, reconstructed their houses and reconditioned the vineyard. After this period of devastation, Saint-Hippolyte passed several times between the hands of new owners, but eventually returned again to the Dukes ofLorraine two years later.
In 1516,Franz von Sickingen (1481–1523) a German adventurer who wared at the expense ofGeroldseck's Gangolf (1527–1569) near Saverne, near Wangen's house against himduke of Lorraine seized Saint-Hippolyte by surprise with his 6000 soldiers without appointing damages to the city[12] inValley of Lièpvre. Incapable to triumph the cause with the own forces, he called to the helpSickingen's Franz (François de Sickingen) a first-rate adventurer. This one hurried to run up with a band of 6000 people. It crossesVosges and invadesLorraine. Duke of Lorraine having bought the neutrality ofSickingen, undid completely the troops of Geroldseck in himValley of Lièpvre. He made a boss again of Saint-Hippolyte meeting no resistance and cut the head to an inhabitant who had favored the entrance of the enemy. However this expedition of Antoine is not enough to restore completely order. Under excuse to avenge the weak and the oppressed, François de Sickingen carried his devastation in himElectorate of the Palatinate and declared war to the imperial cities and in religious institution. Geroldseck's name often appears in the history of Alsace. One finds one of the branches under the name ofGeroldseck-ès-Vosges (In Vosaso, am Wesichim) because of the castles situated in Vosges. She to extinguish in the 16th century. The other family pulled its name of the castle of Hohen-Geroldseck established on one of the summit of herBlack Forest nearLahr. To protect in futureValley of Lièpvre and Saint-Hippolyteduke of Lorraine confided the nurse of it from 1516 to an Alsatian Lord who was quite devoted to him (her), thecount of Thierstein.[13] François de Sickingen was killed in 1523.
But of new turn were going to appear thereAlsace. In April 1524, the farmers lifted up themselves ofBasel inWissembourg. They took the name ofBoorish. Their enemies werenoble and especiallyclergy.From February 1525farmers of the North of the region made known in twelve points their demands for more freedom for the farmers: suppression of the tithe, the right of peach and ofhunting, freedom to choose sound Lord. In a short time, these demands made the tour of everybodyAlsace, at first claimed calmly, then excesses caused violence. It was in herLow Alsace, towardsMolsheim, that movement was the most violent. Revolt won alsovalley of Villé and the city of Lorraine of Saint-Hippolyte.
The farmers took themselves to oneabbey plundering everything en route.Honcourt's abbey, ofAndlau, ofBaumgarten and ofEbersmunster were destroyed and were burned. Thepriory of Lièpvre was also partially destroyed. The farmers got ready to go toLorraine to attack the possessions ofduke of Lorraine. They tried to surprise the city ofSaint-Dié. But from the arrival of the farmers, the alarm bell was sounded and allowed to scatter them. It was their bigger error.Saint-Dié was defended by a company oflansquenets.
Sought by the Alsatian Lords andbishop ofStrasbourg,duke Antoine set up a hardened well army taken by himcount of Way andduke of Vaudemont and give upBoorish inLupstein nearSaverne on 16 May 1525. The farmers were equipped simply with forks and with plagues. One counted more than 21 000 deaths. Corpses were thrown in common graves. Believing to have it finished with the Boorish, theduke of Lorraine was warned that farmers join to attack them and to tighten them a trap. Indeed, in May 1525 farmers ofEbersmunster, ofChâtenois, ofBarr, wanted to join those ofRibeauvillé and those of Saint-Hippolyte to enlarge rows. But the army of duke Antoine crushes them inScherwiller: 5000 farmers leave with it their life. It set fire inScherwiller whom it blamed for having opened to them doors, rare occupants were mercilessly chased and killed. Excitement gained also the lands ofLorraine: to Saint-Hippolyte, the priest Wolfgang Schuh, who had been named by the canons of the Saint Georges collegiate church ofNancy, renounced Catholicism, got married and was followed with number of his parishioners. The farmers occupied Saint-Hippolyte on 7 May 1525, with the support of the bourgeoisie, but they did not well stay there for a long time. Duke Antoine sent a detachment to Saint-Hippolyte with for mission to return in the row the contrary. It had moreover no evil to be returned order in his distant city ofLorraine. Duke was all the more discontented as he held his as particularly irresponsible subjects to have listened to speeches fired with the Boorish. Some had even got on toward the reformation. The priest Wolfang Schuh (1493–1525) was arrested for crime of heresy in May 1525 byGaspard d' Haussonville, governor ofBlâmont and leads inNancy and condemned to be burned on a wood-house on 20 June 1525.
The inhabitants of Saint-Hippolyte, including the children from seven to twelve years, in sign of punishment, should walk barefoot and head discovered in procession wax candle to the hand, until the sanctuary ofDusenbach. They have to restore all the ornaments removed inchurch andconvent, to fast every Friday and to overturntithe and the others royalty in himchurch. They have also to send every year induke of Lorraine twelve cart-load of good white wine of twenty four measures each.[14] In the middle of 16th century, Saint-Hippolyte become again a city prospers. She was surrounded with robust bulwarks and with a rather deep ditch. Dukes ofLorraine went in the summer months to Saint-Hippolyte to go hunting there in the nearby mountains. The rest of time the city was lived by onegovernor orbailli who representedduke of Lorraine who was charged to take care of the order and to perceive royalties and taxes variously. In 1564, this function had byWidranges's Olry (Ulrich von Wittringen) son of Jean de Widranges, Lord ofThanvillé. He was named a captain and a conductor in the city. The inhabitants of Saint-Hippolyte did not love him and for a long time he remained unpopular with the population. Since 1551, the seigneury ofOrtenberg or ofVillé belonged to the powerful family ofBollwiller. Nicolas, baron of Bollwiller anduntervogt ofAlsace, administeredValley of Villé by a superior bursar,Jean-Jacques de Ostein and by an officer,Armand Widmann. It was with these last ones thatWidranges's Olry had big contesting.[15] Olry of Widranges had to defend the interests ofduke of Lorraine to Saint-Hippolyte against the companies of the Sire ofRibeaupierre. Soon it was put in contesting with the middle-class persons of Saint-Hippolyte himself. These last ones were not very easy to steer. In 1504, they had rebelled and had wanted to massacre their captainJean of Cover. Jean de Widranges had a grievous tendency to press his fellow countrymen intax,duty, andtaille variously. The representatives of the city eventually complained withduke of Lorraine who proceeded to an inquiry on the spot which joined the assertions of the population. He had on top of big difficulties with his neighbour the Lord of Villé. Duke wanted absolutely to have a positive image with the inhabitants of his (its, her) distant Alsatian city of Lorraine. It was arrested, was sent back inNancy and discharged of the title and imprisoned in 1568 inNancy where he died in 1589.[16] It was replaced to Saint-Hippolyte byJean de Silièreschancellor ofChristine of Denmark. A sculptured paving stone and polychromée fixed to the north facade of the city hall calls back the recollection of Widranges's Ulrich. On the paving stone represent the weapons ofLorraine, below of which one notes registration: " Ulrich von Wittringen on 1566. "
Among on 1560 and 1600,Alsace had to regret a real witch-hunt. Only inColmar,Turckheim andSélestat one had sent to the wood-house 42 accused women ofwitchcraft. They had admitted under tortures the worst misdeeds. The plague touchedBergheim[17] a little later when a gigantic lawsuit appeared 35 women accused of witchcraft native eight of which of Saint-Hippolyte and two ofThannenkirch. One blamed them for having asked inSatan to bring down the hail and to have so been responsible for the devastation of hervineyard. The other one was accused for having made rotgrape just before grape harvests. The others were still accused for having made turnwine and to make him unfit in the consumption or for one other one to have made die onecow. Under hertorture one admitted to these poor women of the improbable scenes. Some of them admitted to meet themselves the night together withdevil which had taken a human shape, with which they ate, drank, sang and danced and were also accused for having maintained with himdevil a carnal business. Certain living "witches" Bergheim,Rorschwihr orChâtenois admitted to have got some money or donations in kind. They told to have been transported by agoose, agoat or abroomstick somewhere near " Landgraben " or themill say " Bruchmühle " or still to Kleinforst in Saint-Hippolyte. On the 35 women accused of witchcraft, the only one liked head the indicters. She died under the torture. At the time of paying, onesparrow penetrated into the premises and stands out there rashly. The judge following this event asserted thatdevil had tried to get back the soul of herwitch. Most of the time the so-called witches were simple women, credibly tramps orRomani which had managed to extort money and from donations in kind to a little bit gullible inhabitants.
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