| Saffron | |
|---|---|
 Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #F4C430 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (244, 196, 48) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (45°, 80%, 96%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (81, 90, 63°) |
| Source | Maerz and Paul[1] |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid yellow |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
| Rajah | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #FBAB60 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (251, 171, 96) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (29°, 62%, 98%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (76, 83, 42°) |
| Source | [Unsourced] |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Moderate orange |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
| Deep saffron (Bhagwa) | |
|---|---|
| Colour coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #FF9933 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (255, 153, 51) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (30°, 80%, 100%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (72, 105, 37°) |
| Source | [Unsourced] |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Strong orange |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
| India saffron (Kesari/Kesariya) | |
|---|---|
| Colour coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #FF7722 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (255, 119, 34) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (23°, 87%, 100%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (65, 125, 26°) |
| Source | Vexillological: |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Strong orange |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
| Saffron Yellow (RAL) | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #F5D033 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (245, 208, 51) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (49°, 79%, 96%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (84, 90, 69°) |
| Source | RAL Color Chart[2] |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
Saffron is ashade of yellow ororange, the colour of the tip of thesaffron crocus thread, from which the spicesaffron is derived.[3] Thehue of the spice saffron is primarily due to thecarotenoid chemicalcrocin.
The wordsaffron ultimately derives (via Arabic) from theMiddle Iranianja'far-. The name was used for thesaffron spice inMiddle English from c. 1200. As a colour name, it dates to the late 14th century.[4]
Deep saffron approximates the colour ofIndia saffron (also known asbhagwa orkesari).[5][6]
InRajasthani, this colour is calledkesariya. The word derives its name fromkesar, the Hindustani name for saffron, an important crop inKashmir. In Kashmir it is popularly known as Kong posh.
The color Saffron (Hindi:भगवा,romanized: Bhagwā) is considered as a sacred color inHinduism. According toHindu belief, Saffron (or Kesariya) is the color ofSunset (Sandhya) and Fire (Agni) which symbolises sacrifice, light, and quest of salvation.[7] The color is worn byHindu saints and ascetics as their devotion toward the religion.[8] ManyHindu kingdoms and dynasties had Saffron color in their flag denoting theSanātana Dharma, includingMaratha Empire[citation needed]
Hinduism,Jainism andBuddhism associate saffron with the pious renunciation of material life.[9][10][11]
Buddhist monks in theTheravada tradition typically wear saffron robes (although occasionallymaroon — the color normally worn byVajrayana Buddhist monks — is worn). The tone of saffron typically worn by Theravada Buddhist monks is the lighter tone of saffron shown above.
Saffron holds symbolic meaning inSikhism, representing spirit and sacrifice.[12] Originally a shade of yellow calledbasanti, thefield of the modernNishan Sahib is saffron.[12][13]Turbans worn by Sikhs most often are blue or white,[14] but basanti colour is common.[12][15]
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Inpolitics, it was used by theIndian independence movement, and it was chosen as one of the three colours of theIndian national flag after independence in 1947, and is used byHindus.[16] India saffron, representing courage and sacrifice, was chosen for one of the three bands of theNational Flag of India, along withwhite (peace and truth) and what is now calledIndia green (faith and chivalry).[17][18] The Flag of India is officially described in theFlag Code of India as follows:
The colour of the top panel shall be India saffron (Kesari) and that of the bottom panel shall be India green. The middle panel shall be white, bearing at its centre the design ofAshoka Chakra in navy blue colour with 24 equally spaced spokes.[19]
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India's firstVice President and secondPresident, described the significance of the Indian National Flag as follows:
Bhagwa or the saffron colour denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The "Ashoka Chakra" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law ofdharma. Truth orsatya,dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.[20]
The use of saffron in the national flag and as political symbolism has been opposed.[9] One line of opposition asserts that the color is sacred and should not be politicized.[9] Another source of opposition comes from Islamists who claim the color is forbidden in Islam and strongly prohibited to be worn by the males.[9][21]
Basanti turbans are associated with theKhalistan movement in thePunjab region ofPakistan and India.[12] Even otherwise Basanti turbans are commonly used by Sikhs and not all wearing Basanti turban should be associated with separatist movement.
Because Therevada Buddhist monks were at the forefront of the2007 Burmese anti-government protests, the uprising has been referred to as theSaffron Revolution by some in the international media.[22][23]
The saffron flag (bhagwa dhwaj) of the medieval Hindu warriorChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was held in high esteem byfar-rightHindutva organisations such as theHindu Mahasabha andRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in the 1920s as a supposed representation of Hindu resurgence and militaristic tradition. The saffron flag was the "true guru" to whichHedgewar demanded obeisance from the RSS members. "The Gerva [saffron] Flag shall be the flag of the Hindu nation. With its Om, the Swastik and the Sword, it appeals to the sentiments cherished by our race since the Vaidik [Vedic] days," he said.[24]
TheBharatiya Jana Sangh and its successorBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) both used saffron as their colour. The BJP used a saffron lotus on its flag, along with a green side band that possibly reflected an attempted image of accommodation with Islam.[25] TheVishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), a Hindutva organisation affiliated with the RSS, also used saffron as its predominant colour, with its ascetic leaders clad in saffron robes and lay leaders wearing saffron scarves.[26] During theRam Janmabhoomi movement in the 1990s, the VHP and its affiliateBajrang Dal distributed saffron flags and saffron headbands to their followers by the millions.[27][28][29]
The predominance of the saffron symbolism in the BJP and its allies led to the BJP being referred to as the 'saffron party' in the 1990s, and the term 'saffronisation' came to be used describe the increasing influence ofHindutva in party politics. This period saw phrases such as the "saffronisation of the coastal belt",[30] "saffronisation of Karnataka"[31] and "saffronisation of the Congress(I)".[32] Academic and non-academic scholars wrote books with titles involving 'saffron' to refer to Hindu nationalism, such as theBrotherhood in Saffron,[33]Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags,[34] andThe Saffron Wave.[35]
Saffron-coloured cloth had a history of use among theGaelic-Irish. A saffronkilt is worn by the pipers of certainIrish regiments in theBritish Army, and the saffron léine in the defence forces of theRepublic of Ireland. The latter garment is also worn by someIrish and Irish-American men as an item of national costume (though most wearkilts, believing them to be Irish). Its colour varies from a true saffron orange to a range of dull mustard and yellowish-brown hues.
TheAntrim GAA teams are nicknamed "The Saffrons" because of the saffron-coloured kit which they play in. TheOld Irish word for saffron,cróc,[36] derives directly from the LatinCrocus sativus. In Ireland between the 14th and 17th centuries, men woreléinte (singularléine),[37] loose saffron-coloured shirts that reached down to mid-thigh or the knee.[38] (seeIrish clothing).
The colour saffron is associated with the goddess ofdawn (Eos in Greek mythology andAurora in Roman mythology) inclassical literature:
Now when Dawn in robe of saffron was hastening from the streams ofOkeanos, to bring light to mortals and immortals,Thetis reached the ships with thearmor that the god had given her. (19.1)
Aurora now had left her saffron bed,
And beams of early light the heav'ns o'erspread,
When, from a tow'r, the queen, with wakeful eyes,
Saw day point upward from therosy skies.
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Which meant that to the public the Monks and their religion played an important role throughout the protests. Along with the monks were nuns, students and activists who were protesting during the revolution.