Inmotorsport, asafety car, or apace car, is a car that limits the speed of competing cars or motorcycles on aracetrack in the case of acaution period, such as an obstruction on the track or bad weather. The safety car aims to enable the clearance of any obstruction under safer conditions, especially formarshals and/or awaiting more favourable track conditions weather-wise. By following the safety car, the competitors' tyres remain as close as possible tooperating temperature while their engines do not overheat. A safety car is also preferred over stopping the race (red flag) and restarting, as the latter takes longer.
During a caution period, the safety car (which is typically an appropriately modified high-performance production car) enters the track ahead of the leader. Depending on the regulations in effect, competitors are not normally allowed to pass the safety car or other competitors during a caution period, and the safety car leads the field at a predetermined safe speed, which may vary by series and circuit. At the end of the caution period, the safety car leaves the track, and the competitors resume normal racing. The first reliance on this safety measure occurred with the deployment of a pace car during the inauguralIndianapolis 500 in 1911.[1]
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The use of a safety car has the effect of bunching competitors together, such as to eliminate any time and distance advantage that a leading driver may have had over the remaining field of competitors. This effect can make racing more competitive upon full race resumption; conversely, it has also contributed to faster leading drivers being negated just rewards for their efforts prior to the caution period.
Subject to the racing regulations in force, it is not uncommon for drivers to be allowed to make pitstops during safety car periods. This situation may provide a strategic advantage since any scheduled refueling, tire change or maintenance may be carried out while other competitors are lapping at lower speed, and the drivers who pit then simply rejoin a queue of cars all running together. During normal racing conditions, such interventions would typically involve losing significant terrain over those drivers that remain on-track.
Another notable effect of safety car periods is that racing cars consume less fuel until full race resumption, which can allow competitors to run longer distances on a tank of fuel than would otherwise have been possible and/or reduce the number of pitstops required for the duration of the race.
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InFormula One if an accident or inclement weather (typically, heavy rain) prevents normal racing from continuing safely, the Race Director will call for a "safety car" period, which would see marshals waveyellow flags and hold "SC" boards, pending the car in question entering the track. From 2007, all Formula One cars must have LEDs and/or displays fitted to the steering wheel or cockpit, which inform the driver which flags are being waved. A yellow LED is illuminated when the safety car is deployed.
The safety car is driven by a professional driver (since 2000, byBernd Mayländer), accompanied by a co-driver to assist with operations and communications.[2] The safety car has both orange and green lights mounted on its roof in the form of alight bar. The green lights are used to signal that it is possible to overtake the safety car; this is only done until the race leader is immediately behind the safety car and at the head of the queue of race cars following.[3]
From 2015, the safety car is not required to wait until all backmarkers have caught back up to the queue. When the safety car is ready to leave the circuit, it will turn off its orange lights to indicate that it will enter the pit lane at the end of the lap. Drivers must continue in formation until they cross the first safety car line, where circuit green lights and flags will indicate they are free to race again.[4]
The safety car must maintain a reasonable speed to ensure that the competitors' tyres are as close as possible tooperating temperature and their engines do not overheat.
For incidents during the first three laps, the safety car also has an advantage over the traditional red flag; with a red flag, it would take a minimum of fifteen minutes to restart the race, and the two-hour limit would not start until the cars were ready for a second formation lap. With regards to the time limit, the race is being scored and the time is also counting while the safety car is on the track, and the race resumes.
The first use of a safety car in Formula One is reported to have taken place at the1973 Canadian Grand Prix, where a yellowPorsche 914[5][6][7][8] was called for duty following various incidents under treacherous weather conditions. Controversially, on that occasion, it took several hours after the race to figure out the winner and final results since the safety car driver had placed his car in front of the wrong competitor thus causing part of the field to be one lap down incorrectly.[9]
Formula One officially introduced safety cars in1993, after trials were conducted at both theFrench andBritish Grands Prix during the preceding1992 season. From1993 through1995, this saw cars of different brands being used as the safety car throughout the season and depending on the track visited; for example, they included the exoticLamborghini Countach for theMonaco Grand Prix in the 1980s,[8][10] or theLamborghini Diablo for the1995 Canadian Grand Prix to the more mundaneFiat Tempra used at the rain-affected1993 Brazilian Grand Prix,[11] and the high performance version of theOpel Vectra used at the infamous1994 San Marino Grand Prix. In particular, the Opel Vectra was criticized as it had a low top speed, which was insufficient to keep the competitors' tyre temperatures high, and the Vectra's brakes faded on the first lap causing its driver to go slowly.[12] Since1996, in order to standardize the safety car type/performance and also as part of promotional arrangements, the main supplier of safety cars has beenMercedes-Benz,[2] withAston Martin sharing the duties with them from2021 onward.
From2007, new procedures were applied for the first time during theBahrain Grand Prix. The pit lane was closed immediately upon the deployment of the safety car. No car could enter the pits until all cars on the track had formed up in a line behind the safety car, they passed the pit entrance, and the message "pit lane open" was given. A ten-second stop/go penalty (which must be taken when the race is resumed) was imposed on any driver who entered the pit lane before the pit lane open message is given. However, any car which was in the pit entry or pit lane when the safety car was deployed would not incur a penalty. This was infamously exploited during the2008 Singapore Grand Prix whenNelson Piquet, Jr. wrecked his Renault shortly after teammateFernando Alonso had exited the pits in what was later discovered to be anintentional crash designed to trigger a safety car and subsequent closure of the pit lane.
From2009, however, this procedure has been dropped, and replaced by software that calculates where a car is on the track and a minimum lap time it should take the car to get to the pits. Cars that enter the pits before this time limit has expired are penalised.
When the safety car and the drivers behind it are on the start/finish straight, there is a red light at the exit of the pit lane. Drivers who go past the red light are disqualified from the race. This has happened to several drivers during the years, such asJuan Pablo Montoya at the2005 Canadian Grand Prix andGiancarlo Fisichella andFelipe Massa in the2007 Canadian Grand Prix. Atthe same race a year later,Lewis Hamilton failed to notice the red light and slammed into the back of the car ofKimi Räikkönen, who was waiting at the end of the pit lane alongsideRobert Kubica.
From2010, once cars were lined up behind the safety car, lapped cars were no longer allowed to unlap themselves before the race was restarted.[13] This rule was abandoned from the2012 season onwards, with cars now allowed to unlap themselves before the race resumes. However, since2015, the safety car does not need to wait for the backmarkers to catch up with the leading pack before returning to the pits.
The2021 Belgian Grand Prix infamously became the shortest race in Formula One World Championship history and the first (and so far only) World Championship Grand Prix in history to be run entirely behind the safety car with no running taking place undergreen flag conditions, with two full laps completed behind the safety car before the race was red flagged on lap 3 and not restarted thereafter with results taken from the end of lap 1 withMax Verstappen declared the winner of the event and half points awarded to the top 10 classified drivers.[14]
In response to the controversial safety car restart at the2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, the FIA reworked the safety car restart procedure: instead of waiting for the last lapped car to unlap itself, the safety car will now be withdrawn one lap after the instruction to unlap is received.[15]
Since2021, F1 has featured two official safety cars, both theAston Martin Vantage and theMercedes-AMG GT R that was already used in previous seasons.[16] Since2022, Mercedes provides aBlack Series variant of the GT.[17]
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Following an accident at the2014 Japanese Grand Prix, which saw driverJules Bianchi suffer a serious head injury which led to his death, theFIA established an "accident panel" to investigate the dynamics of the accident and ways to minimize the risk of a crash during similar circumstances that do not warrant the deployment of a safety car and cannot be simply managed withyellow flags.
The accident panel recommended the implementation of a "virtual safety car", based on the "slow zone" system used in Le Mans racing. Compared to the former, the safety car does not actually appear on the track. On top of not being allowed to overtake under yellow flag conditions in the affected sector, a "VSC" icon would appear trackside and on the drivers' steering displays, obliging drivers to not exceed the posted speed limit, thus resulting in a 35% speed reduction. All drivers are informed of their delta time (the difference between their speed and the current speed limit) on their dashboard display, and must keep their delta times positive, meaning they must be slower than the reference time.[20] The system was similar to the Electro-PACER lights used in the Indianapolis 500 races from1972 until1978, except that engine control units (ECU) were involved and could enforce speed limits under the current system.[citation needed]
The VSC was tested over the course of the final three races of the2014 season, during parts of free practice sessions.[21][22] The system was evolved taking into account drivers' feedback and was officially introduced for the2015 season following ratification by theWorld Motor Sport Council (WMSC).[23] The VSC was officially used for the first time, and for a brief period prior to the deployment of the actual safety car, at the2015 Monaco Grand Prix, following a 30G crash involvingMax Verstappen. The system saw its first extended deployment at the2015 British Grand Prix afterCarlos Sainz Jr.'s power unit failed at Club Corner of theSilverstone Circuit.
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The Full Course Yellow condition is theFormula E version of the Virtual Safety Car. In this condition, all marshal posts will wave yellow flags, accompanied by a sign that says "FCY" with a yellow background. This condition is often decided by the Race Director whether it is appropriate to implement it or not. The fans (if they are watching the race on TV) and drivers can hear the Race Director declare the FCY on the radio. Once the FCY is implemented, all drivers must activate the FCY limiter, which, similar to the pit speed limiter, keeps the car under FCY speeds despite the throttle being flat to the floor. Overtaking is not allowed under FCY conditions, but if a driver does overtake another driver, like whenJean-Éric Vergne overtookAntónio Félix da Costa at the2019 Rome ePrix, the driver who overtook the other driver can be penalised. Forseason 6 of Formula E, when there is an FCY period, everyone is no longer allowed to activate Attack Mode. For every minute spent under FCY conditions, 1kWh of energy kept in reserve by the drivers will be subtracted, giving more energy saving tactics to the drivers and teams alike. Like Formula One, Formula E also has a safety car condition. From 2014 to 2021, aBMW i8plug-in hybrid was used.[24] Starting with the2021 Rome ePrix, aMini Electric was used, and aPorsche Taycan has been used since 2022. Formula E also includes a rule from 2022 which states that if the safety car is used in a race, extra time will be added in order to compensate for the missed racing time due to the safety car.[25]
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The first use of a pace car in automobile racing was at the inauguralIndy 500 in 1911.[1] The officials at theIndianapolis Motor Speedway have been selecting a pace car and its driver for the Indy 500 each year since that first race. The first pace car was aStoddard-Dayton driven byCarl G. Fisher. In recent yearsChevrolet models have been chosen as the official pace car, owing to the ability for them to be used at both major automobile races at the Speedway (typically Corvette at the 500 and Impala at the 400). The pace car is selected two months before the race runs, allowing the manufacturer of the selected pace car to produce replicas of that year's car, which sell at a marked premium to collectors and race fans. Pace car replicas are often seen on the streets of Indianapolis weeks before the race is actually held, and a celebrity driver is usually used for the start of the race only.
In the last 50 years, thePontiac Trans Am,Chevrolet Camaro,Chevrolet Corvette,Oldsmobile Cutlass, andFord Mustang are the only models that have been selected as pace cars three or more times.
During the IndyCar Series season, however,Johnny Rutherford,Sarah Fisher, andOriol Servià are the normal drivers of the IRL pace car for all events.[26] The pace car is deployed fordebris,collision, or weather reasons. Since 1993, upon the waving of the yellow flag, pit road is closed until the pace car picks up the leader and passes the pit entrance the first time, unless track blockage forces the field to drive through pit lane. Another duty of the pace car is to lead the field around the course on parade laps prior to the start of the race. These increase in speed, allowing for a flying start of the race.
Furthermore, two other rule changes have been implemented. Since 2000, with one lap to go before going back to green, the pace car pulls off the track in turn one rather than in turn four. The current leader of the race is then assigned the task of pacing the field back to the green flag. After much consideration, this rule was added to prevent a situation much like the one that happened in the1995 Indianapolis 500, whenScott Goodyear passed the pace car going back to green. In 2002, a "wave-around" rule was added, where the pace car waves by all competitors (if there are any) between the pace car and the actual leader of the race. This allows the leader to control the restart without any lapped cars in front of them. It also creates a strategy for cars to gain laps back, loosely resembling NASCAR's "Lucky dog" rule. However, the cars who get waved around are not allowed to pit until the green flag restarts the race (so they do not get the advantage of getting their lap back AND a free pit stop).
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In allNASCAR series, if the caution is out for debris, accident, or inclement weather, the flagman will display the yellow caution flag and the pace car[27] will pull out of the pits and turn on the yellow strobes on top and/or behind the car. When race officials are ready to open pit lane, a green light will come on in the rear window of the safety car. One lap before a green flag, the pace car will shut off its lights to signal drivers to line up double file.
Unlike most series in motorsport, owing to NASCAR's short-track roots, each track usually offers its own safety car, typically from the manufacturer, but in recent years, it has been a local dealer or association of regional dealerships-provided Safety car. Tracks that use Toyota safety cars will use aToyota Camry Hybrid, while Ford tracks will use aFord Mustang, while Chevrolet tracks use aChevrolet Camaro and most Dodge tracks use aDodge Challenger. If a manufacturer is promoting a new vehicle, they will often use the new car instead of the standard-specification safety car.
For theTruck Series, which races pickup trucks instead of cars, the safety "car" is often a pickup. Tracks affiliated with a local or regional Chevrolet dealership will use aChevrolet Silverado, while Chrysler dealership-affiliated tracks will use aRam 1500. Ford-affiliated tracks will often use the F-Series, but Toyota-affiliated tracks are less likely to use theToyota Tundra, but prefer marketing the Camry Hybrid. However, Ford and Toyota manufacturer sponsored tracks will prefer the Mustang and Camry, respectively, instead of a truck, and occasionally, pickup trucks have been used as pace vehicles for Cup Series and Xfinity races.
Since NASCAR does not allow speedometers or electronic speed limiting devices, the pace car circles the track at pit road speed during thewarm-up laps. This allows each driver to note the RPM at which pit road speed is maintained. Drivers exceeding that speed on pit road will be penalized, typically a "drive-through" or "stop and go" penalty, costing them valuable track position.
Since mid-2004, NASCAR officialBrett Bodine has driven the vehicle during official race functions duringCup Series races. Other famous NASCAR pace car drivers include Robert "Buster" Auton andElmo Langley.
At many races, NASCAR has an honorary pace car driver that actually drives a car during the parade laps. Depending on the driver's skill, some drivers are allowed to pace the field right up to the dropping of the green flag. Some famous drivers have beenJay Leno,Richard Hammond,Luke Wilson,Rob Gronkowski,Guy Fieri and many others.
Thebeneficiary rule (informally known as the "lucky dog" rule) states once the safety car is deployed, the first car not on the lead lap will regain a lap. The Beneficiary will regain his lap once pit road opens. Bodine will signal that car to pass him through radio contact between NASCAR and that team. The free pass car must pit with the lapped cars.
After previous being trialed at the NASCAR All-Star Race, at the2009 Pocono 500, NASCAR introduced a new "Double-file restart" rule that lines the field two cars on each row on every restart, similar to the start of the race, instead of lead-lap cars on the outside and lapped cars on the inside. Also, the "wave-around" rule, similar to what is enforced in racing series sanctioned byIndyCar, was adopted to ensure the first car on the restart is the leader, and ensure there are no lapped cars ahead of the leader.
InGrand Prix motorcycle racing (MotoGP), safety car is deployed during the sighting lap, warm-up lap, and the first lap of a race.[28] Safety car is also deployed to assess track conditions or weather conditions.[28]
The supplier of the safety car in Grand Prix motorcycle racing isBMW M since 1999.[28]
Unlike Formula 1 and other auto racing series, safety car is not used to control the field during yellow flag period.[29]
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Before the Stage 2 restart of the2024 NASCAR Cup Series Championship Race, the2024 Toyota Camry XSE pace car abruptly turned down and cut across the front of race leaderChase Elliott in an attempt to avoid missing the pit entrance. The pace car crashed into the sand barrels placed at the end of the pit lane wall, necessitating the backup pace car coming out. The restart was waved off, and the race was eventually red flagged on lap 69 to allow marshals to clean up and replace the barrels.[30]
During a reconnaissance lap, a 2024Aston Martin Vantage safety car spun out and crashed heavily at theAlboreto corner of theMonza Circuit on the Thursday of the2024 Italian Grand Prix. Both the passenger and the driver,Bernd Mayländer, were safe, and no interruptions were reported as there was another safety car at the site if needed. The race itself went on without any safety car deployments, extending a streak of such that started after the2024 Spanish Grand Prix.[31]
The high amount of caution laps during the 2023IndyCar Monterey Grand Prix resulted in extended use of theHonda Civic pace car. This eventually led to the pace car almost running out of fuel. The Civic was then shown being refuelled by hand.[32]
During the opening pace laps of the 2018 Chevrolet Detroit Grand PrixIndyCar race (the second race of a doubleheader weekend at theBelle Isle street circuit), a2019 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 pace car leading the field and being driven byGeneral Motors executiveMark Reuss lost control and crashed head-on into the left-hand retaining wall coming out of the exit of turn two of the track, shortly after leaving pit road. Neither Reuss nor Mark Sandy, an IndyCar official who was a passenger in the car, were injured in the crash and were able to exit the vehicle after the crash.[33] The cars participating in the race, except one driven byAlexander Rossi, stopped on the track behind the wrecked car as safety crews and track workers cleaned up debris from the accident and removed the damaged vehicle. Rossi, who was to start the race from the pole position and was directly behind the pace car when the incident occurred, was the only driver to drive past the crash and returned to pit road afterwards, causing concern to his crew that he may have run over debris from the crash causing a puncture (though no damage to his car or tires was done). Approximately 20 minutes after the crash, the cars that were still on the track had their engines re-fired and were directed to drive to pit road in order to reset the starting grid for the race start. An identical back-up pace car of the same make and model was brought out to pace the field, this time driven by former IndyCar driver and officialOriol Servià who regularly drove the pace car during caution periods. The incident delayed the start of the race by over 30 minutes from its scheduled start time of 3:50pm local time.[33] The race eventually went green sometime past 4:20pm.
Before the start of the final segment of theSprint Cup Series'Sprint Unlimited exhibition race atDaytona, theChevrolet SS pace car caught fire and stopped off the track, delaying the restart. The fire was believed to have started in a trunk-mounted battery pack powering the lights.[34]
During a safety car situation on Lap 160 of the2012 Daytona 500,Earnhardt Ganassi Racing driverJuan Pablo Montoya's car had a suspension part failure, and it lost control on turn 3, sharply veering into a safety truck and jet dryer trailer and causing a giant fireball.[35] Sparks were seen emanating from Montoya's car right before its hard collision with the jet dryer trailer and left driver's side of the truck. Montoya was treated at the infield care center and released unhurt. The driver of the Chevrolet Silverado Crew Cab, Duane Barnes, was taken to a local hospital for observation and was resting comfortably. He was an employee atMichigan International Speedway, a sister track ofDaytona. The tracks often share jet dryer equipment on race weekends to help in case of rain such as the case on Sunday, the original scheduled start time of the race.[citation needed] The entire incident took about two hours to clean up before the last 40 (later extended to 42 due to aGreen-white-checkered finish) laps were able to be completed.[36]
NASCAR subsequently added the use of the second safety car (used during race start situations) to protect the last jet dryer in other safety car situations.[citation needed]
The2011 6 Hours of Castellet got off to a controversial start when the pace car did not return to the pits when the green lights came on. The front running LMPs slowed down but some of the GT cars could not react fast enough, resulting in collisions and heavy damage to all three GTE Pro class Porsches which caused them to retire. The GTE Am class IMSA Performance Matmut Porsche and GTE Pro JOTA Aston Martin were also caught up in the carnage.[37][better source needed]
An accident occurred during the2009 FIA WTCC Race of France inPau,France. A succession of first-lap accidents caused the safety car to be placed on standby, with yellow flags waving on the start-finish section of the track. The safety car driver - a local politician - then proceeded to drive onto the track at slow speed, without official approval,[38] moving across the pit exit line immediately after exiting the pits, instead of confining to the inside of it until the line ended. Race leaderFranz Engstler came through the kink on the start-finish straight and was unable to avoid hitting the side of the pace car.[39] Engstler commented "I saw the safety car coming out from the right and realized that I had no chance to brake... I really do not understand why he was going out of the pits".[40] After this incident, the PortugueseBruno Correia was appointed as the official safety car driver.[41]
A safety car caused a crash during the 2008Dutch Supercar Challenge race atSpa Francorchamps. TheSeat Leon was released too late, allowing the leadingMarcos LM600 to pass while erroneously identifying theAudi TTDTM in 2nd andMosler MT900RGT3 in 3rd as 'the leading pack.' Race officials immediately realized their mistake, and the safety car was instructed to slow down and let the entire field pass.
As the safety car was exiting turn 11, an approachingLamborghini GallardoGT3 drastically reduced its speed in response to the unusually slow safety car. However, aBMW a few seconds behind came around the blind turn at speed, colliding with the Gallardo and safety car. The collision destroyed the Gallardo and sent the BMW into a number of rolls. The safety car was sent off the track into the Armco safety barrier at great speed. In the chaos, a Marcos LM600 coming around turn 11 locked up its brakes and spun into the wet grass on the inside of the track. Sliding back onto the track, it was hit from the side by aBMW Z3. Furthermore, two E46BMW M3 GTRs were damaged: one on the outside line hit the rear of the Marcos, and the other, on the inside line, slightly damaged its front right. The second M3 continued around the track, while the first slid into the grass before turn 12. The race was stopped, and there were no serious injuries to any of the drivers.
On lap 57, ARCA driver Joe Cooksey ran into the back of the Pontiac Grand Prix pace car driven by Jack Wallace totaling the pace car, to quote Cooksey: "It might be the first time in history the pace car has been wiped out."[42]
AfterFootwork Arrows driverTaki Inoue retired due to an engine failure, he attempted to assist the marshals in extinguishing the engine fire, but he was hit by theTatra 623 safety car. The incident injured his leg, though he would recover in time for the following Belgian Grand Prix.[43]
Before the start of the race, a drunken fan stole the pace car and drove a lap aroundTalladega Superspeedway. Local police quickly pursued the fan around the track, setting up a roadblock at the exit of Turn 4 that led to his arrest.[44]
The pace car of the1971 Indianapolis 500, an orangeDodge Challenger driven by local auto dealer Eldon Palmer, crashed at the start of the race. As Palmer drove the car off into the pit lane to let the race cars begin the race, he lost control of the car and crashed into a photographer stand.[45] There were no fatalities, and the number of people reported injured has ranged from 18 to 29.[46]
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