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TheSa Huỳnh culture[a] was a culture in what is now central and southernVietnam that flourished between 1000 BC and 200 AD.[1][2] Archaeological sites from the culture have been discovered from theMekong Delta toQuảng Bình province incentral Vietnam. The Sa Huynh people were most likely the predecessors of theCham people, anAustronesian-speaking people and the founders of the kingdom ofChampa.[3]: 211–217
The site at Sa Huỳnh was discovered in 1909. Sa Huỳnh sites were rich in locally worked iron artefacts, typified by axes, swords, spearheads, knives andsickles. In contrast,bronze artifacts were dominant in theĐông Sơn culture sites found in northern Vietnam and elsewhere in mainland Southeast Asia.
The Sa Huỳnh culturecremated adults and buried them in jars covered with lids, a practice unique to the culture. Ritually broken offerings usually accompanied the jar burials. The culture is also typified by its unique earornaments featuringtwo-headed animals, believed by some to depictsaola.[4] The ornaments were commonly made fromjade (nephrite), but also made fromglass.Bead ornaments were also commonly found in Sa Huynh burials, most commonly made from glass.
The Sa Huỳnh culture showed evidence of an extensive trade network that existed between 500 BC to AD 1500, known as the Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere (named after the Sa Huỳnh culture and theKalanay Cave ofMasbate,Philippines). It was mainly between Sa Huỳnh and the Philippines, but also extended into archaeological sites inTaiwan,Southern Thailand, and northeasternBorneo. It is characterized by shared red-slipped pottery traditions, as well as double-headed and penannular ornaments known aslingling-o made from materials like greenjade (sourced fromTaiwan), greenmica (fromMindoro), blacknephrite (fromHà Tĩnh) and clay (from Vietnam and theNorthern Philippines).[5] Sa Huynh also produced beads made from glass,carnelian,agate,olivine,zircon,gold andgarnet; most of whom use materials that are alsoimported.Han dynasty-stylebronze mirrors were also found in Sa Huynh sites.[5][6][7]
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