 Discovery prepares to deploy theTDRS-G satellite | |
| Names | Space Transportation System-70 |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Satellite deployment |
| Operator | NASA |
| COSPAR ID | 1995-035A |
| SATCATno. | 23612 |
| Mission duration | 8 days, 22 hours, 20 minutes, 05 seconds |
| Distance travelled | 6,000,000 kilometres (3,700,000 mi) |
| Orbits completed | 143 |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Space Shuttle Discovery |
| Payload mass | 20,159 kilograms (44,443 lb) |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 5 |
| Members | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | July 13, 1995, 13:41:55.078 (1995-07-13UTC13:41:55Z) UTC, (9:41:55 am EDT) |
| Launch site | Kennedy,LC-39B |
| End of mission | |
| Landing date | July 22, 1995, 12:02 (1995-07-22UTC12:03Z) UTC, (8:02:00 am EDT) |
| Landing site | Kennedy,SLF Runway 33 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Low Earth |
| Perigee altitude | 257 kilometres (160 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 257 kilometres (160 mi) |
| Inclination | 28.45 degrees |
| Period | 90.5 min |
  Left to right: Kregel, Currie, Henricks; Weber, Thomas | |
STS-70 was the 21st flight of theSpace ShuttleDiscovery, and the last of 7 shuttle missions to carry aTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS). This was the first shuttle mission controlled from the newmission control center room at theJohnson Space Center in Houston.[1]
STS-70 was also the first flight of the new Block 1 orbiter main engine, designed to improve both engine performance and safety. The mission was launched fromKennedy Space Center in Florida on July 13, 1995, only six days after the landing of sister shipAtlantis, marking the fastest turnaround between flights in the history of the program.
| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Commander | Terence T. Henricks Third spaceflight | |
| Pilot | Kevin R. Kregel First spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 1 | Donald A. Thomas Second spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 2 Flight Engineer | Nancy J. Currie-Gregg Second spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 3 | Mary Ellen Weber First spaceflight | |
| Seat[2] | Launch | Landing |  Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Henricks | ||
| 2 | Kregel | ||
| 3 | Thomas | Weber | |
| 4 | Currie | ||
| 5 | Weber | Thomas | |
| 6 | Unused | ||
| 7 | Unused | ||
STS-70 had originally moved ahead of STS-71 because of a delay in the launch of the Russian Spektr laboratory module to the Russian space stationMir. However, on May 31, 1995, shuttle managers assessed damage to the External Tank of STS-70 caused by nestingflicker woodpeckers. The damage consisted of about 71 holes (ranging in size from 4 inches in diameter to 1/2 inch in diameter) in the ETs thermal protection foam insulation. Technicians installed safeguards against additional damage. On June 2, NASA managers decided to delay the launch ofDiscovery in order to make repairs to the insulation, and STS-71 was moved ahead of STS-70.Discovery was rolled back to the VAB on June 8, and was returned to the pad on June 15.
Launch occurred on July 13, 1995, at 9:41:55.078 a.m. EDT. The launch window was 2 hours 30 min. The hatch was closed at 8:13 am EDT and the count proceeded smoothly until T−31 sec. The count was held for 55 seconds at T−31 sec by the Booster Range Safety Engineer (CBRS) Tod Gracom[3] at the LCC C-5 Console due to fluctuations seen on the external tank automatic gain control (AGC) ET range safety system receiver. Launch Commit Criteria contingency procedures were worked and the count then proceeded on schedule. STS-70 marked the maiden flight of the new Block 1 orbiter main engine. Engine number 2036 featured the new high-pressure liquid oxygen turbopump, a two-duct powerhead, baffleless main injector, single-coil heat exchanger and start sequence modifications. The Block I engine flew in the number one position onDiscovery. The other two engines were of the existing Phase II design.
The primary mission was the launch and deployment of the 7th Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-G) by means of the two-stageInertial Upper Stage (IUS)solid rocket. It was built by TRW and weighs about 2,200 kilograms (4,900 lb). The satellite was ejected fromDiscovery's cargo bay exactly on time at 2:55 p.m. CDT, approximately six hours into the flight.[4]: 6 The release of the satellite was overseen by Mission SpecialistsDonald Thomas andMary Ellen Weber.
About 15 minutes later,Discovery's CommanderTom Henricks fired the shuttle's engines to raise the orbit and move away from the vicinity of the satellite and the IUS.[1] At about 3:55 p.m., the IUS fired the first of two burns that would put TDRS-G into its proper, 22,000-mile-high geostationary orbit above the central Pacific Ocean at 178 degrees West longitude.
The deployment operations utilized three separate control centers; theWhite Sands ground station controlled the TDRS, the JSC Mission Control Center (MCC) controlled the shuttle, and the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) control center at Onizuka Air Force Base in Sunnyvale California controlled the booster stage. Once it reached its destination, the fully deployed satellite had a wingspan of 57 ft. The TDRS was the sixth placed in operational use.TDRS-1 was launched aboardSTS-6 on 1983-04-04 with a scheduled lifetime of seven years. The second satellite,TDRS-B, waslost aboardChallenger on missionSTS-51-L.TDRS-3 was deployed fromSTS-26,TDRS-4 fromSTS-29,TDRS-5 fromSTS-43 andTDRS-6 was deployed bySTS-54. The on-orbitTDRS network was rearranged and included two fully operational spacecraft occupying the TDRS East and West slots, one on-orbit fully functional spare, TDRS-1, which was nearly depleted having exceeded its planned lifetime, and the partially operational TDRS-3 spacecraft dedicated to supporting theCompton Gamma Ray Observatory and providing coverage an area that can't be seen by the other satellites known as the Zone of Exclusion.
Secondary objectives of the mission were to fulfill the requirements of the Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment / National Institutes of Health-Rodents (PARE/NIH-R); Bioreactor Demonstration System (BDS), Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG); Space Tissue Loss/National Institutes of Health-Cells (STL/NIH-C); Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC); Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment-II (SAREX-II), Visual Function Tester-4 (VFT-4); Hand-Held, Earth Oriented, Real-Time, Cooperative, User-Friendly, Location-Targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES); Microcapsules in Space-B (MIS-B); Windows Experiment (WINDEX); Radiation Monitoring Equipment-III (RME-III); and the Military Applications of Ship Tracks (MAST).
The Bioreactor Demonstration System was designed to use ground-based and space-bioreactor systems to grow individual cells into organized tissue that is morphologically and functionally similar to the original tissue or organ. The BDS was composed of a device developed at theJohnson Space Center that used a rotating cylinder to suspend cells and tissues in a growth medium, simulating some aspects of microgravity. The system, which was already used extensively in ground-based research, also provided for gas and nutrient exchange. The purpose of the flight experiment was to demonstrate the performance of the bioreactor in actual microgravity. As such, the primary goal was to assess the fluid dynamic characteristics of the bioreactor in microgravity.[5]
A club membership patch from the world famous Coney Island Polar Bear Club was carried on this mission.
Landing opportunities at theKennedy Space Center at 7:54 am EDT and 9:31 am July 21, 1995, were waved off due to a buildup of ground fog over the Shuttle Landing Facility. Flight Director Rich Jackson directed the five STS-70 astronauts to remain aloft for another day after poor visibility preventedDiscovery's homecoming on the two consecutive landing opportunities. Discovery's astronauts were informed that their landing had been waved off for the day at 7:10 am CDT after astronaut Steve Oswald, flying weather reconnaissance in a Shuttle Training Aircraft over the landing strip, reported that he could not see the three-mile-long runway from his vantage point.STS-70 landed at the Kennedy Space Center on July 22, 1995, at 8:02 a.m. EDT on Runway 33. Nose gear touchdown occurred at 8:02:11 am EDT (Mission Elapsed Time of 8 days 22 hours 20 minutes and 16 seconds) with wheels stop at 8:02:57 am (MET of 8 d 22 h 21 min 2 s). An earlier KSC landing opportunity at 6:26 am EDT was waved off due to marginal yet improving weather conditions at KSC.[6]
This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Space ShuttleDiscovery (OV-103) | ||
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| Completed flights | .jpg) | |
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| On display | ||
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