.JPEG) Maiden launch ofChallenger, April 4, 1983 | |
| Names | Space Transportation System-6 |
|---|---|
| Mission type | TDRS-1 satellite deployment |
| Operator | NASA |
| COSPAR ID | 1983-026A |
| SATCATno. | 13968 |
| Mission duration | 5 days, 23 minutes, 42 seconds |
| Distance travelled | 3,370,437 km (2,094,292 mi) |
| Orbits completed | 81 |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Space Shuttle Challenger |
| Launch mass | 116,457 kg (256,744 lb) |
| Landing mass | 86,330 kg (190,330 lb) |
| Payload mass | 21,305 kg (46,969 lb) |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 4 |
| Members | |
| EVAs | 1 |
| EVA duration | 4 hours, 17 minutes |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | April 4, 1983, 18:30:00 (1983-04-04UTC18:30Z) UTC (1:30 pm EST) |
| Launch site | Kennedy,LC-39A |
| Contractor | Rockwell International |
| End of mission | |
| Landing date | April 9, 1983, 18:53:42 (1983-04-09UTC18:53:43Z) UTC (10:53:42 am PST) |
| Landing site | Edwards, Runway 22 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit[1] |
| Regime | Low Earth orbit |
| Perigee altitude | 288 km (179 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 295 km (183 mi) |
| Inclination | 28.50° |
| Period | 90.40 minutes |
 STS-6 mission patch  From left:Peterson,Weitz,Musgrave andBobko | |
STS-6 was the sixthNASASpace Shuttle mission and the maiden flight of theSpace Shuttle Challenger. Launched fromKennedy Space Center on April 4, 1983, the mission deployed the firstTracking and Data Relay Satellite,TDRS-1, into orbit, before landing atEdwards Air Force Base on April 9, 1983. STS-6 was the first Space Shuttle mission during which aExtravehicular activity was conducted, and hence was the first in which theExtravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was used.
| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Commander | Paul J. Weitz Second and last spaceflight | |
| Pilot | Karol J. Bobko First spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 1 | F. Story Musgrave First spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 2 Flight Engineer | Donald H. Peterson Only spaceflight | |
| STS-6 was the last shuttle mission with a four-person crew untilSTS-135, the final shuttle mission, which launched on July 8, 2011. | ||
Commander Paul Weitz had previously served as Pilot on thefirst Skylab crewed mission (Skylab-2), where he lived and worked in Skylab for nearly a month from May to June 1973. After Skylab, Weitz became theDeputy Chief of the Astronaut Office under Chief AstronautJohn Young. Bobko originally became an astronaut for theAir Force'sManned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program but later joined NASA in 1969 after the MOL program's cancellation. Prior to STS-6 he participated in theSkylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test (SMEAT) and worked as a member of the support crew for theApollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP).
Peterson was also a transfer from the MOL program, and was a member of the support crew forApollo 16. Musgrave joined NASA in 1967 as part of thesecond scientist-astronaut group, and was the backup Science Pilot for the first Skylab mission. He also participated in the design of the equipment that he and Peterson used during their EVA on the STS-6 mission.
| Seat[2] | Launch | Landing |  Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Weitz | ||
| 2 | Bobko | ||
| 3 | Musgrave | ||
| 4 | Peterson | ||
| 5 | Unused | ||
| 6 | Unused | ||
| 7 | Unused | ||
The new orbiter was rolled out toLC-39A in December 8, 1982. On December 18, 1982,Challenger was given a PFRF (Pre Flight Readiness Firing) to verify the operation of the main engines. The PFRF lasted for 16 seconds. Although engine operation was generally satisfactory, telemetry data indicated significant leakage ofliquid hydrogen in the thrust section. However, it was not possible to determine the location of the leak with certainty, so program directors decided on a second PFRF with added telemetry probes. It was known that during the test run on December 18, 1982, that recirculated exhaust gases and vibration leaked into the thrust section and this was considered a potential cause of the leak. Therefore, the original planned launch in late January 1983 had to be postponed.
On January 25, 1983, a second PFRF was conducted which lasted 23 seconds and exhibited more hydrogen leaks. Eventually, it was found that low pressure ducting in the No. 1 engine was cracked. The engine was replaced by a spare, which was found to also have leaks. A third engine had to be ordered fromRocketdyne, and after thorough testing, turned out to be in proper operating condition. The No. 2 and No. 3 engines turned out to have leaks as well, and were taken out of the orbiter for repairs. By mid-March, the engine problems had been completely resolved.[3]
While the engine repairs were underway on February 28, 1983, a severe storm caused contamination of the mission's primary cargo, the firstTracking and Data Relay Satellite-A (TDRS-1), while it was in thePayload Changeout Room on theRotating Service Structure at the launch pad. Consequently, the satellite had to be taken back to its checkout facility, where it was cleaned and rechecked. The Payload Changeout Room and the payload bay also had to be cleaned. All of these events pushed the launch back from March 26, 1983, to early April 1983.[4]
On April 4, 1983, STS-6, the first mission of the orbiterChallenger, lifted off fromLaunch Complex 39A at theKennedy Space Center at 18:30:00 UTC (1:30 pm EST, local time at the launch site). It marked the first use of a new lightweightexternal tank and lightweightSpace Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) casings, first use of thehead-up display, and firstextravehicular activity (EVA) in theSpace Shuttle program.[5]
| Attempt | Planned | Result | Turnaround | Reason | Decision point | Weather go (%) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 Jan 1983, 1:30:00 pm | Postponed | — | Technical | Liquid hydrogen leak in aft compartment from engine 2011 (SSME #1) during FRF 1. Post-FRF 2 found crack in MCC of 2011. 2015 and 2012 had cracked ASI fuel lines. Replaced ASI lines in all three engines.[5] | ||
| 2 | 4 Apr 1983, 1:30:00 pm | Success | 74 days 0 hours 0 minutes |
STS-6 carried a crew of four – Commander Paul J. Weitz, Pilot Karol J. Bobko, Mission Specialist F. Story Musgrave and Mission Specialist Donald H. Peterson. Using newspacesuits designed specifically for the Space Shuttle program, Musgrave and Peterson successfully accomplished the program's firstextravehicular activity (EVA) on April 7–8, 1983, performing various tests in the orbiter's payload bay. Their spacewalk lasted 4 hours and 17 minutes and was the first American EVA since the last ofSkylab 4's four EVAs nearly a decade prior.
Although the 2,300 kg (5,100 lb) TDRS-A satellite was successfully deployed fromChallenger, its two-stage booster rocket, theInertial Upper Stage (IUS), tumbled out of control, placing the satellite into a lowelliptical orbit. However, the satellite contained extra propellant beyond what was needed for itsattitude control thrusters, and during the next several months, its thrusters were fired at carefully planned intervals, gradually moving TDRS-1 into itsgeosynchronous operating orbit, thus saving the US$100-million satellite. Other STS-6 payloads included threeGetaway Special (GAS) canisters and the continuation of the Mono-disperse Latex Reactor and Continuous Flow Electrophoresis experiments.
Challenger returned to Earth on April 9, 1983, coming to a stop on Runway 22 atEdwards Air Force Base at 18:53:42 UTC (10:53:42 a.m. PST, local time at the landing site). During the mission, it completed 81 orbits, traveling 3,200,000 km (2,000,000 mi; 1,700,000 nmi) in 5 days, 23 minutes, and 42 seconds. It was flown back to KSC on April 16, 1983.
The six white stars in the upper blue field of the mission patch, and its hexagonal shape, indicate the flight's numerical designation in theSpace Transportation System's mission sequence.
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during theProject Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew duringApollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[6]
| Flight Day | Song | Artist/Composer |
|---|---|---|
| Day 2 | "Cadets on Parade" | Air Force Academy Band |
| Day 3 | "Teach Me Tiger" | April Stevens |
| Day 4 | "Theme fromF Troop" | William Lava |
| Day 5 | "The Poor Co-pilot" | Oscar Brand |
| Day 6 | "Ode to the Lions" | Rusty Gordon |
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.Space ShuttleChallenger (OV-099) | ||
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