 Discovery approaches the ISS withLeonardo in its payload bay | |
| Names | Space Transportation System-128 |
|---|---|
| Mission type | ISS assembly |
| Operator | NASA |
| COSPAR ID | 2009-045A |
| SATCATno. | 35811 |
| Mission duration | 13 days, 20 hours, 54 minutes, 55 seconds |
| Distance travelled | 9,262,217 kilometres (5,755,275 mi) |
| Orbits completed | 219 |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Space Shuttle Discovery |
| Launch mass | 121,422 kilograms (267,689 lb)[1] |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 7 |
| Members | |
| Launching | |
| Landing | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | August 29, 2009, 03:59 (2009-08-29UTC03:59Z) UTC[2] |
| Launch site | Kennedy,LC-39A |
| End of mission | |
| Landing date | September 12, 2009, 00:53 (2009-09-12UTC00:54Z) UTC[citation needed] |
| Landing site | Edwards, Runway 22 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Low Earth |
| Perigee altitude | 219 kilometres (136 mi)[3] |
| Apogee altitude | 264 kilometres (164 mi)[3] |
| Inclination | 51.6 degrees[3] |
| Period | 89.33 minutes[3] |
| Epoch | August 29, 2009[3] |
| Docking withISS | |
| Docking port | PMA-2 (Harmony forward) |
| Docking date | August 31, 2009 00:54 UTC |
| Undocking date | September 8, 2009 19:26 UTC |
| Time docked | 8 days, 18 hours, 32 minutes |
  Seated (l–r) Ford and Sturckow. Standing (l–r) are Hernández, Olivas, Stott, Fuglesang and Forrester. | |
STS-128 (ISS assembly flight17A) was aNASASpace Shuttle mission to theInternational Space Station (ISS) that launched on August 28, 2009.Space Shuttle Discovery carried theMulti-Purpose Logistics ModuleLeonardo as its primary payload. It was Discovery's 37th flight.Leonardo contained a collection of experiments for studying the physics and chemistry ofmicrogravity. Threespacewalks were carried out during the mission, which removed and replaced a materials processing experiment outside ESA'sColumbus module, and returned an emptyammonia tank assembly.[4]
The mission's first launch attempt was delayed due to weather concerns, including multiple weather violations in NASA's launch rules, beginning over two hours before the scheduled launch.[5][6][7] The second launch attempt, scheduled for August 26, 2009, at 01:10:22 EDT, was called off the previous evening due to an anomaly in one of the orbiter's fuel valves.[8][9][10] The launch finally took place on August 28, 2009, at 23:59 EDT.Discovery landed on September 11, 2009, atEdwards Air Force Base, which was the last landing of a shuttle to occur at theCalifornia site.
| Position[4] | Launching astronaut | Landing astronaut |
|---|---|---|
| Commander |  Frederick W. SturckowFourth (last NASA) spaceflight | |
| Pilot | Kevin A. Ford First spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 1 | Patrick G. Forrester Third and last spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 2 Flight Engineer | José M. Hernández Only spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 3 | John D. Olivas Second and last spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 4 |  Christer Fuglesang,ESASecond and last spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 5 | Nicole Stott Expedition 20 First spaceflight | Timothy Kopra Expedition 20 First spaceflight |
| Crew notes Nicole Stott was originally scheduled to return aboardSoyuz TMA-15, but a change in the flight plan was made due to the possible flight delays in futureshuttle missions, which could have extended Canadian astronautRobert Thirsk's mission beyond the six-month duration preferred for station crew members.[11] STS-128 was the final Space Shuttle flight used for ISS crew rotation, with Nicole Stott replacingTim Kopra. Stott returned onSTS-129, but that flight did not bring her replacement. The mission ofChrister Fuglesang was namedAlissé by theEuropean Space Agency.[12] The name was proposed by Jürgen Modlich fromBaierbrunn, Germany. The name refers to the 15th-century explorers who used the trade winds to followChristopher Columbus across the oceans to the New World. STS-128 also marked the first time twoHispanic Americans were on the same crew.John "Danny" Olivas ofEl Paso, Texas, made his second trip into space, andJosé M. Hernández ofStockton, California, made his first. Both are of Mexican heritage. | ||
| Seat[13] | Launch | Landing |  Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sturckow | ||
| 2 | Ford | ||
| 3 | Forrester | ||
| 4 | Hernandez | ||
| 5 | Olivas | ||
| 6 | Fuglesang | ||
| 7 | Stott | Kopra | |
| Location | Cargo | Mass |
|---|---|---|
| Bays 1–2 | Orbiter Docking System EMU 3009 / EMU 3015 | 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb) ~260 kilograms (570 lb) |
| Bay 3P | Shuttle Power Distribution Unit (SPDU) | ~17 kilograms (37 lb) |
| Bay 4P | APC/MISSE Carrier | 57 kilograms (126 lb) |
| Bay 5P | APC/MISSE Carrier | 57 kilograms (126 lb) |
| Bay 7S | ROEU umbilical | ~79 kilograms (174 lb) |
| Bays 7–12 | Leonardo (MPLM FM-1) | 12,131 kilograms (26,744 lb) |
| Bay 13 | Lightweight MPESS Carrier (LMC) | 1,780 kilograms (3,920 lb) |
| Starboard Sill | Orbiter Boom Sensor System | ~382 kilograms (842 lb) |
| Port Sill | Canadarm | 410 kilograms (900 lb) |
| Total: | 16,973 kilograms (37,419 lb) |
The primary payload of STS-128 was theMulti-Purpose Logistics ModuleLeonardo to assist with establishing a six-man crew capacity by bringing extra supplies and equipment to the station. The Multi-Purpose Logistics Module contained three racks for life support, a crew quarter to be installed inKibo, a newtreadmill (COLBERT) that will temporarily be placed inNode 2 and later inNode 3, and anAir Revitalization System (ARS) that will temporarily be placed in Kibo and later in Node 3.
The shuttle carried aLightweight Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure Carrier (LMC) with Ammonia Tank Assembly (ATA).[1] The new ammonia tank replaced an empty tank during an EVA.
The shuttle flew the first test flight of theTriDAR, a 3D dual-sensing laser camera, intended for potential use as an autonomous rendezvous and docking sensor. The TriDAR successfully tracked the ISS position and orientation from the shuttle during docking operations.[14]
It also contained three racks dedicated to science, FIR (Fluids Integrated Rack) and the firstMaterials Science Research Rack (MSRR-1) to be placed inDestiny andMELFI-2 (Minus Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS) to be placed in Kibo. The FIR enabled detailed study of how liquids behave in microgravity, a crucial detail for many chemical reactions. One experiment, for instance, examined how mixtures known as colloids behave without being stirred by sedimentation and convection. Another using theLight Microscopy Module (LMM) will examine how an ideal heat pipe works without the distortions of gravity.[15]
The STS-128 mission (as didSTS-125 andSTS-127) took part in crew seat vibration tests designed to help engineers on the ground understand how astronauts experience launch. They will use the information to help design the crew seats that will be used in future NASA spacecraft.
STS-128 repeated the Boundary Layer Transition (BLT) Detailed Test Objective (DTO) experiment that was done by the same shuttle duringSTS-119. In this experiment, one of the thermal protection systems was raised to create aboundary layer transition in which the air flow becomes turbulent beyond a certain speed. During STS-119 the tile was raised 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) above the others, tripping the flow atMach 15 during reentry. In the modification being done, the tile has been raised 0.35 inches (8.9 mm) to trip at Mach 18 producing more heat.
Discovery undertook the testing of a catalytic coating which was meant to be used by theOrion spacecraft. Two TPS tiles located in the protuberance downstream from the BLT tile had been fully coated with the catalytic material in order to understand the entry heating performance. The tiles were instrumented to collect a wide variety of data.[16]
The mission marked:
Discovery rolled out from theOrbiter Processing Facility to theVehicle Assembly Building after the external tank was cleared for use and was mated with it.[17][18] The foam insulation on the tank underwent stringent pull tests after the foam liberated and hit the orbiter during STS-127.[19] The STS-128's tank initially exhibited no concerns while theSTS-127 case was determined to be a one-off case due to surface contamination prior to foam application.[20][21]
The main change from previous missions is the change of the Ground Umbilical Carrier Plate (GUCP) vent housing. The quick release vents exhibited leaks duringSTS-119 and STS-127, which were determined to be due to a misalignment in the vent. This led to the one part rigid seal in the external tank being replaced with a two part flexible seal.[22]
Discovery later rolled out from the VAB to Launch Complex 39A on August 4, 2009, in a slow drive on the top of theCrawler-transporter. The 3.4-mile (5.5 km) rollout began at 02:07 EDT, and ended with the launch platform secured in place at about 13:50 EDT. The move took longer than expected due to adverse weather conditions, which included lightning warnings. The crawler also had to pause occasionally so mud could be removed from its treads and bearings. Technicians then quickly prepared the shuttle to host the crew's countdown dress rehearsal known as the Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test (TCDT).[23]Discovery's seven astronauts flew to Kennedy on August 5, 2009, for the training activity which concludes later in the week with a complete practice countdown, minus liftoff, involving the crew and the launch team.[24] Meanwhile, in an unprecedented operation, modifications were made to the leftSolid rocket booster on the pad.[25] The modifications involved replacement of a check valve filter assembly in the booster which was found to have broken.[26] In a potentially delaying factor, in depth testing of the external tank withX-ray revealed voids in the foam which might have formed during theinjection molding of the foam. This has also been decided as a suspect factor in the foam shedding during STS-127. The air in the voids could have expanded due to the high temperatures generated during ascent thus breaking the foam. The reviews considered a rollback as an option since the defect could not be set right in the pad.[26][27][28] Later, the tank was cleared for launch as is without any additional inspections.[29]
The first launch attempt was delayed by 24 hours due to weather concerns, including multiple weather violations in NASA's launch rules beginning over 2 hours before the scheduled launch.[5][6][7] During the second attempt on Wednesday morning, a problem with aLH2 fill-and-drain fuel valve insideDiscovery's aft compartment led to another scrubbing. The problem arose when sensors did not detect the closure of the valve when commanded to do so. The issue was thought to be with the sensors rather than the valve itself.[8][9][10] After inerting the orbiter's tank, which involved draining it, tests were conducted on the valves. Despite the valves working normally, another delay was called for to have more confidence in the system, and to give the console operators who performed the test some rest.[30][31][32] The launch team evaluated the issue, passing on a possible launch window on August 27, 2009, at 01:10 EDT. The launch was delayed until 23:59 EDT, August 28, 2009, to allow the engineers to be fully satisfied with the vehicle.[33] Later the mission was cleared for launch which involved a flight rule waiver for cycling the valve and a discussion to analyze the test failure of an Ares-1 booster that was similar to the SRBs used for the mission.[34] NASA feared another delay when storms formed near the Kennedy Space Center on August 28, 2009, but the weather cleared in time for a successful launch ofDiscovery at 23:59 EDT.[35][36][37]
| Attempt | Planned | Result | Turnaround | Reason | Decision point | Weather go (%) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 Aug 2009, 1:36:05 am | Scrubbed | — | Weather | 25 Aug 2009, 1:25 am (T−9:00 hold) | 80%[38] | Precipitation and lightning in launch and landing area[5][6][7] |
| 2 | 26 Aug 2009, 1:10:01 am | Scrubbed | 0 days 23 hours 34 minutes | Technical | 25 Aug 2009, 5:52 pm | 70%[38] | Failure indicator on LH2 inboard fill and drain valve[30][31][32] |
| 3 | 28 Aug 2009, 11:59:37 pm | Successful | 2 days 22 hours 50 minutes | 60%; later 80%[34] |
After launch at 23:59 EDT,Discovery opened her payload bay doors. Once the doors were opened the crew deployed theKu-band antenna and activated theShuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS). Once the Ku-band antenna was deployed and activated, the crew then down-linked photos from the External Tank Umbilical Well Camera system, so controllers on the ground could see how the tank performed and how much if any foam was shed during ascent.
DuringDiscovery's first full day on orbit, the crew used the SRMS to grapple theOrbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) and survey the wing leading edges, nose and other parts of theThermal Protection System (TPS), as well as theOrbital Maneuvering System (OMS) Pods. During this time some of the crew were preparing the space suits that will be used during the 3Extra-vehicular activities (EVA) and setting up the tools that will be used during the docking. This includes installing the Centerline Camera and extending the Orbiter Docking system Ring Extension.
Discovery docked with thePressurized Mating Adapter (PMA) 2 on the front of theHarmony connecting module. Before the shuttle docked, Commander Rick Sturckow performed what is known as theRendezvous Pitch Maneuver whileExpedition 20 CommanderGennady Padalka and Flight EngineerMichael Barratt took photos of the shuttle's belly. The photos were down-linked to mission control for review. After docking,Nicole Stott andTim Kopra switched Soyuz seat liners, making Stott an Expedition 20 Flight Engineer and Tim Kopra an STS-128 Mission Specialist. The joint crews also performed some transfers from the shuttle mid-deck and checked on the pressure in theMPLM Leonardo.
During flight day 4, the MPLMLeonardo was berthed to the Nadir (the Earth-facing port on Harmony) using theSpace Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS). Once it was berthed, the crews activated it and opened the hatch for ingress. Some more items were transferred from the shuttle mid-deck, including the MDS experiment and the space suitsDanny Olivas and Nicole Stott would use during EVA 1. The pair also prepared all the tools that would be used during the EVA with some help from Tim Kopra. Later, during the night, when the crews were asleep, the team of ground controllers vented the Port 1 (P1) Ammonia Tank Assembly (ATA)Nitrogen Vent lines in preparation for the ATA to be removed during EVA 1.
EVA 1 was performed, and saw the removal of the empty Ammonia Tank Assembly, and the removal and stowage of the EuTef and MISSE 6 experiments. While the spacewalk was going on crew members inside were transferring the Crew Quarters, C.O.L.B.E.R.T treadmill and theNode 3Air Revitalization System rack (ARS). The treadmill and ARS were temporarily stowed, while the crew Quarters was installed in theKibo Module where setup and activation was begun.
During flight day 6, the joint crews continued the activation of the new crew quarters. The last of the major transfer items, the Fluids Integrated Rack (FIR), Materials Science Research Rack, and the Minus Eighty Laboratory Freezer ISS 2 (MELFI-2), were transferred from theMulti-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) Leonardo. AstronautsDanny Olivas andJosé M. Hernández answered some questions submitted onYouTube andTwitter. Olivas andChrister Fuglesang also prepared for the second EVA and "camped out" in the air lock at a lower pressure to help get ready for EVA 2 on flight day 7.
On flight day 7,Danny Olivas andChrister Fuglesang performed the second spacewalk of the STS-128 mission. Olivas and Fuglesang installed and connected the new Ammonia Tank Assembly (ATA), and also performed two get aheads. The get ahead tasks included installing protective lens covers on theSpace Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) End B cameras . Once the ATA was installed, the tank was integrated into the cooling loop. While Olivas and Fuglesang were outside, the rest of the crew continued on transferring items to and from both the shuttle mid-deck andMPLM.
The first part of the crew day was spent off duty. The crews enjoyed a meal, took a crew photo and took part in a PAO event. More transfer was completed by both crews. The space station crew calibrated the Oxygen Generation System (OGS)H2 sensor.Timothy Kopra andNicole Stott continued their hand over activities, helping Stott who is taking over from Kopra.Danny Olivas andChrister Fuglesang got theirspace suits ready for the third and final space walk. The pair spent the night in theQuest Joint Airlock, at a lower pressure of 10.2 psi instead of 14.7 psi.
During flight day 9,Danny Olivas andChrister Fuglesang performed EVA 3. The pair completed all tasks that were to be done, including installing twoGPSantennas and deploying theStarboard 3 (S3) Payload Attach System (PAS), a new Rate Gyro Assembly (RGA) 2, and routing ofNode 3 Avionics cables. The joint crew also completed more transfer, mostly transfer for return to Earth in the MPLM and Space Shuttle mid-deck. The ISS crew also replaced a bolt on theCommon Berthing Mechanism (CBM) so that the MPLM won't get stuck, and also to ensure correct capture of theHTV.
Flight day 10 saw the joint crews transfer samples from the space station to the shuttle freezer known as Glacier. The samples will be returned to Earth for examination by scientists who will develop ways to prevent bone and muscle loss in space as well as cures for other illnesses on Earth. The crews also completed some close outs of theMulti-Purpose Logistics ModuleLeonardo. The last portion of the crew day was spent off duty.
On flight day 11, the joint ISS/shuttle crews completed transfers and closed the hatches with the MPLM. Once the hatches were closed, the MPLM was deactivated, demated and berthed back in the payload bay of the space shuttle. During this process,José M. Hernández andNicole Stott took part in a PAO event. The end of the crews work days saw the two crews say goodbye in a farewell ceremony and close the hatches between the shuttle and ISS. Once the hatches were closed, thePressurized Mating Adapter 2 was depressurized, in advance of undocking. The shuttle crew setup and checked out the rendezvous tools before going to bed.
On flight day 12, Space ShuttleDiscovery successfully undocked from theInternational Space Station at 19:26UTC. After undocking, the shuttle backed out and performed a fly around of the ISS. The Space Shuttle then performed two separation burns using its thrusters. After the separation burns, astronautsKevin Ford,José M. Hernández, andChrister Fuglesang used theOrbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) to inspect the shuttle's Thermal Protection System (TPS). When they completed that task, the OBSS was berthed on the starboard sill of the payload bay and theShuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS) was powered down.
On flight day 13, the Space Shuttle crew began stowing items for landing. During the course of the day, commanderFrederick W. Sturckow and pilotKevin A. Ford performed standard checks of the Flight Control Systems (FCS),Reaction Control System (RCS) jets, and communications with the ground. The crew also deactivated theWing Leading Edge System (WLES), stowed theKu-band antenna, and reviewed landing procedures.
On flight day 14,Discovery was scheduled to land at Kennedy Space Center at 19:04EDT (23:04UTC). The landing was postponed due to weather conditions, and the second opportunity at 20:40 EDT (00:40 UTC) was also postponed due to weather conditions.
On flight day 15, at 19:47EDT (23:47UTC),Discovery started the de-orbit burn for landing atEdwards Air Force Base after its two landing attempts at Kennedy Space Center the previous day were waved off.Discovery touched down safely at 20:53 EDT (17:53 PDT/00:53 UTC).
The landing marked the final time a Space Shuttle mission concluded at Edwards Air Force Base, as well as the last time a ferry flight would be needed for an operational orbiter.Discovery returned to KSC on Monday, September 21, 2009, after refueling stops at Amarillo International Airport, Fort Worth Naval Station, and Barksdale Air Force Base on September 20. The last seven missions of the shuttle all touched down at Kennedy Space Center.
Each spacewalk was planned to last approximately 6.5 hours.[39]
| EVA | Spacewalkers | Start (UTC) | End (UTC) | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EVA 1 | John D. Olivas Nicole Stott | September 1, 2009 21:49UTC | September 2, 2009 04:24UTC | 6 hours, 35 minutes |
| Prepared for the replacement of an empty ammonia tank on the station's port truss by releasing its bolts. Retrieved theMaterials International Space Station Experiment andEuropean Technology Exposure Facility mounted outside theColumbus laboratory, and stowed them inDiscovery's cargo bay for their return to Earth. :Robotic Arm Operators: Ford and Thirsk[1] | ||||
| EVA 2 | John D. Olivas Christer Fuglesang | September 3, 2009 22:13UTC | September 4, 2009 04:51UTC[40] | 6 hours, 39 minutes |
| Removed the new ammonia tank from the shuttle's payload bay and replaced it with the used tank from the station. The new tank, weighing about 1,800 pounds (820 kg), was the most mass ever moved by spacewalking astronauts. With this spacewalk, ESA astronaut Fuglesang became the first person, who is not from either an American or Russian space program, to have participated in four or more spacewalks. | ||||
| EVA 3 | John D. Olivas Christer Fuglesang | September 5, 2009 20:39UTC | September 6, 2009 03:40UTC | 7 hours, 01 minutes |
| Preparations for the arrival of theTranquility node by attaching cables between the starboard truss and theUnity node, the area whereTranquility will be installed.Tranquility is targeted to arrive on STS-130 in February 2010. The spacewalkers also replaced a communications sensor device, installed two new GPS antennas, and replaced a circuit breaker. | ||||
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during theGemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew duringApollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[41][42]
| Flight Day | Song | Artist | Played for |
|---|---|---|---|
| Day 2 | "Back In The Saddle Again" | Gene Autry | Frederick W. Sturckow |
| Day 3 | "Made to Love" | TobyMac | Nicole Stott |
| Day 4 | "Mi Tierra" | Gloria Estefan | José M. Hernández |
| Day 5 | "Indiana, Our Indiana" | Indiana University Band | Kevin A. Ford |
| Day 6 | "What a Wonderful World" | Louis Armstrong | Christer Fuglesang |
| Day 7 | "There is a God" | 33Miles | Patrick G. Forrester |
| Day 8 | "What a Wonderful World" | Louis Armstrong | Danny Olivas |
| Day 9 | "El Hijo del Pueblo" | José Alfredo Jiménez | José M. Hernández |
| Day 10 | "Rocket" | Andrew Peterson | Patrick G. Forrester |
| Day 11 | "Only One" | Jeremy Kay | John D. Olivas |
| Day 12 | "Beautiful Day" | U2 | Timothy Kopra |
| Day 13 | "Sailing" | Rod Stewart | Christer Fuglesang |
| Day 14 | "Good Day Sunshine" | The Beatles | Kevin A. Ford |
| Day 15 | "Big Boy Toys" | Aaron Tippin | Frederick W. Sturckow |
This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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